Invented a perpetual motion machine. Why is it impossible to create a perpetual motion machine? David Hamel's anti-gravity machine

Today everyone knows that a perpetual motion machine is impossible. But the question arises as to how scientists reached this understanding. It was necessary to formulate the concept of energy, the first and second laws of thermodynamics, and the laws of conservation of energy. But in the beginning there was nothing like that, and the inventors of perpetuum mobile grew like mushrooms after rain.

The first major inventor was Bessler, or under his creative pseudonym Orffireus. It took place in Germany in the 18th century. They say that this mysterious gentleman appeared in 1712 in the town of Gera. He had a strange toy with him: a thick wooden wheel, one and a half meters in diameter, wrapped in an oiled piece of leather. A massive axle protruded in the center of the wheel and a strong rope was tied to it. Standing in front of the public, Bessler gave a slight push and the wheel began to spin, the creaks of rolling wheels could be heard balls. The wheel pumped water using a small pump and also lifted weights.

The only surviving drawing of the Bessler wheel.

In total, the inventor created 4 machines. But he was very eccentric and suffered from a strong form of paranoia. Unfortunately, he left no records of the internal structure of the mechanism. In each of the devices, there was a part that he never showed, when he tried to open it, a wave of paranoia covered him, and he destroyed his machine in order to build an even bigger one in the future. At some point he was favored by Landgrave Karl of Hesse-Kassel. But the patron wanted to make sure that Bessler really invented a perpetual motion machine. Karl invited Leibniz, one of the greatest scientists in Europe at that time. Until the end, Leibniz could not be convinced that this was truly a perpetual motion machine, but he was very impressed and recommended the machine.

Then the Landgrave decided to conduct an additional check. Bessler was given a large room, in the center of which he built another machine. Two guards were posted at the door of the room. At the end of the work, the room was sealed and a month later they opened it and made sure that the wheel was still spinning. But as always, Bessler’s condition was that part of the device was closed, that is, it was impossible to be completely sure of the authenticity of the discovery.
But despite the experiment, the count decided to do an additional check. In 1721, the Dutch mathematics professor William Gravesande was invited. To make sure that there was no person behind the curtain, Gravesande tore the curtain and sprinkled pepper there. But no one sneezed.

They say that Gravesande was so impressed that he tried to involve Newton in studying the machine. But Newton did not answer the letter, or he generally disdained attempts to create a perpetual motion machine.

After this inspection, Bessler took a large hammer and smashed his car into pieces.

At some point, the maid's testimony appeared that she helped run the wheel. But there is an opinion that this is perjury, because of the small salary.

Apart from the drawing, nothing has survived from that invention. Most likely, the mechanism worked on the principle of a gear wheel, in the recesses of which weights that can be hinged are attached. The geometry of the teeth is such that the weights on the left side of the wheel are always closer to the axle than on the right. According to the author, this, in accordance with the law of the lever, should cause the wheel to constantly rotate. When rotating, the weights would swing out to the right and maintain the driving force.

However, if such a wheel is made, it will remain motionless. The reason for this fact is that although the weights on the right have a longer lever, on the left there are more in number. As a result, the moments of forces on the right and left are equal.

Later in the 19th century, Thomas Young formulated the concept of energy as the ability to do work. Julius von Meyer, a physician and physicist, comes to the conclusion that energy is conserved, it simply changes its form. James Joule came to the same conclusion. And the third scientist who came up with the idea of ​​energy conservation was Hermann von Helmholtz, also a doctor and physicist. In his article, Helmholtz formulated the impossibility of a perpetual motion machine of the first kind, that is, a mechanism that violates the law of conservation of energy. Energy doesn't come from nowhere.

Keely in his laboratory. 1889

The next major “inventor” of a perpetual motion machine was the American Keely with his Keely engine. He lived in Philadelphia. For the time being, he was a completely unknown person, making small toys and selling them at the local market. Around 1874, rumors began to spread around Philadelphia about a new invention using a new, unknown force. We must remember that these were the times of Edison, with his light bulb, Nobel and dynamite, Maxwell and the theory of electromagnetism. Quite quickly, many investors were found who were willing to invest a lot of money in this device. The investors were from Philadelphia and New York. The Keely Motor Company was founded.

Keely and the board of directors of the Keely Motor Company.
But you need to understand that Kili could speak beautifully, but very incomprehensibly. Nobody could understand him. He loved to make beautiful demonstrations, explained a lot, but did not show the structure of the mechanism. And all the time he promised that a new engine design would be invented soon. And so it went on for almost 10 years. Investors went to court twice, expert witnesses were invited, but nothing helped. The problem was that the company was named after him and everything depended on the inventor. And investors didn’t really have any rights. And to prevent Keeley from running away, investors had to make compromises with him. There was even humorous statement, ships powered by Keely engines will sail through the Panama Canal.

At the most difficult moment, Keely found a sponsor: the widow Clara Bloomfield-Mohr. She helped him with money and PR. But due to strong criticism, she wanted to conduct a review. Alexander Scott, an electrical engineer, was invited.

One of Keely's demonstration mechanisms was the so-called levitation experiment, or chord-mass.

Killy played a couple of chords and a heavy weight, defying the force of gravity, floated inside the glass tube. A “repeater” was connected to the tube using an electrical cord. And Scott suspected that it was a hollow tube and the mechanism was powered by compressed air. And he suggested that Keely conduct an experiment without a wire. To which Kili refused.

After Keely's death, in the basement of the house, investors discovered a large vessel with compressed air, with which he launched one of his mechanisms.

They say that before his death he was asked how he would like to be remembered. To which he replied that he was the biggest schemer of the 19th century.

Sadi Carnot, considered the founding father of thermodynamics, studied at the Polytechnic University of Paris in the early 19th century. Carnot was the youngest student at the university, he entered there at the age of 16, the minimum age for entering a university. After completing his studies, Carnot was drafted into Napoleonic army, but he did not like it there. And waiting for the next vacation, he began researching steam engines. At that time, the best engines were English, and the French were not so hot. He began to examine them and realized that the engines had a slightly different mechanism, used different fuels, and the metal from which they were made was different. The only thing that is common is the “flow” of heat from the hot region to the cold one. This discovery of his was very significant. What it has to do with it is not obvious. We are simply accustomed to the fact that this is the case, but why heat should flow from hot to cold remains a good question. This discovery gave rise to a more general principle, the second law of thermodynamics. When Carnot was 36 years old, a cholera epidemic broke out in Paris and many of his works were destroyed. The dissemination of his works was facilitated by the English scientist, Lord Kelvin, or William Thomson.

Lord Kelvin, entropy, Ludwig Boltzmann and others...

To be continued...

Perpetual motion machine(lat. Perpetuum Mobile) - an imaginary device that allows you to obtain more useful work than the amount of energy supplied to it.

The self-propelled wheel of the German inventor Orfireus rotated for two months in a sealed room, the doors of which were guarded by grenadiers. During demonstrations, it not only rotated at a speed of 50 revolutions per minute, but also lifted loads of up to 16 kg. In 1725, Peter I was going to Germany to personally inspect a perpetual motion machine, which the inventor Orfireus agreed to sell to Russia for 100,000 efimki (1 efimok - about a ruble).

In 1775, the Paris Academy of Sciences made its famous decision not to consider perpetual motion projects due to the obvious impossibility of their creation. But until now, at scientific conferences in Russia and other countries, ideas about extracting energy from a vacuum, pulsating fields (which eliminate part of the negative work in a closed loop), energy transformations with changes in the internal structure of space-time, the so-called “ free energy."

Some scientists manage to obtain patents for particularly abstruse inventions, where the patent office is not able to immediately recognize a perpetual motion machine. Moreover, great scientists of the past, including Robert Boyle and Johann Bernoulli, proposed their own designs for perpetual motion machines. Leonardo da Vinci devoted many years to the invention of a perpetual motion machine.


Perpetual motion machine of Bhaskara, 1150 g

Inventors are still working on new designs for perpetual motion machines. Physics and chemistry have advanced significantly over the past centuries, so the authors of such inventions have a much richer “toolbox” for use. In their designs they use not only mechanical structures, but also the laws of hydraulics, conduct experiments with magnetism, use chemical reactions, try to apply the laws of quantum mechanics, etc.

Super-unit Clem engine

For some obsessive inventors, their work becomes their life's work, a fixation. These people are convinced that perpetual motion machines exist and have been invented several times before, but powerful corporations and national governments do not allow such inventions to proceed. The authors of such inventions allegedly often die under mysterious circumstances. In the inflamed logic of inventors, this is easy to explain: after all, the creation of a perpetual motion machine will forever change the course of human history, completely overturn existing ideas about science, change the order of things in economics and technology, and deprive the powers that be of sources of money and power.

Magnetic engine

Until now, dozens of applications for the design of a perpetual motion machine are submitted to the US Patent Office every year. The authors of modern inventions are sometimes smart and talented people who are distinguished by rich technical imagination and extensive practical experience, but they often lack basic theoretical knowledge of physics.

True, many modern “inventions” resurrect in one form or another technical ideas proposed in the Middle Ages, or even in the 12-13 centuries. For example, perpetual motion machines with a rotating rotor are still very popular. Pneumatic mechanisms, spring perpetual motion machines, hydraulics, chemical reactions, and electromagnetic fields are often used.

At first glance, some designs are even difficult to classify - whether it is a perpetual motion machine, or a truly working machine that uses some poorly understood physical processes. We can probably mention the design of the “impossible” EmDrive engine, which creates thrust in a closed loop. It was tested in the laboratory of the Space Center. Lyndon Johnson NASA. Scientific work with a description of this engine, which seems to violate the law of conservation of momentum, underwent an independent examination and was published in a reputable scientific journal, and experiments on Earth showed the actual presence of thrust.

EmDrive test facility in the laboratory of the Space Center. Lyndon Johnson NASA

The engine, operating on an incomprehensible principle, produces thrust even in a vacuum, where any thermal convection is excluded. Physicists have put forward different explanations for how EmDrive works. Some say that the EmDrive cavity may produce pairs of photons that are out of phase with each other. Such pairs carry momentum in the direction opposite to the movement of the engine. And the interaction of such photons contributes to the emergence of an electromagnetic wave with zero polarization. Such a wave still transfers impulse. There is a theory that the thrust of EmDrive is a consequence of the emergence of a “quantum vacuum of virtual plasma” of particles appearing and disappearing in a closed loop of space-time.

The hope of finding a perpetual motion machine gives inventors enormous strength and energy for work. The most important thing is to channel this energy in the right direction. Then a by-product of their work can become real scientific and technical discoveries, like Leonardo da Vinci, Robert Boyle, Johann Bernoulli, Simon Stevin, Julius Robert von Mayer and other “crazy” inventors.

Like the Paris Academy of Sciences, the US Patent Office does not formally issue patents on the Perpetuum Mobile. This rule has been in effect for more than a hundred years. However, the International Patent Classification retains sections for hydrodynamic (section F03B 17/00) and electrodynamic (section H02K 53/00) perpetual motion machines, since the patent offices of many countries consider applications for inventions only from the point of view of their novelty, and not from the point of view of physicality. feasibility.

Patents for perpetual motion machines. Organizations and centers for the study of free energy technologies

US Patents
3913004 October 14, 1975, Method and apparatus for increasing electrical power, Robert Alexander.
4975608 December 4, 1990, Switched Reluctance Motor, Harold Aspden.
5288336 Heat-to-electricity converter, Harold Aspden. see also patent numbers 5,065,085 and 5,101,632
4622510 from November 11, 1986, Parametric electric machine, Ferdinand Cap.
2912244 from 1959, Gravitational System, Otis Carr.
4006401 dated February 1, 1977, Electromagnetic generator, In Rivas.
3811058, 3879622 Permanent magnet motors.
2982261 McClintock air motor.
4595843 June 17, 1986, Rotating Magnetic Flux Transformer with Low Loss Core, Robert Del Vecchio.
4567407 dated January 28, 1986, Motor - Alternator, John Ecklin.
3368141 January 6, 1968, Transformer combined with permanent magnets, Carlos Garon.
3890548 June 17, 1975, Pulsed Capacitor Discharge Motor, Edwin Gray.
4595852 June 17, 1986, Electrostatic Generator, Robert Gundlach.
4831299 dated May 16, 1989, Unipolar Alternator, Yenakishi Haisaka.
4249096 February 3, 1981, Electric Dynamo, Barbara Nicox.
3610971 dated October 5, 1971, Electromotive Electric Field Generator, Williams Cooper.
4897592 January 30, 1990, System creating power from electrostatic field energy, Williams Hyde.
4151431 April 24, 1979, Permanent Magnet Motor, Howard Johnson.
4806834 February 21, 1989, Electrical Circuit of Inductive Conductors, Transformers and Motors, Earl Koenig.
3374376 dated March 19, 1968, Electric Generator, Raymond Cromrie.
3977191 August 31, 1976, Power Source...Robert Britt.
3670494, Conversion method atomic energy into useful kinetic energy.
4428193, System for extracting useful work from fuel. A mixture of inert gases circulating in a closed system is used as fuel.
4709323 November 24, 1987, Parallel Resonance Converter, Charles Lien.
5146395 September 8, 1992, Power Source Using Two Storage Circuits, Richard McKee.
4210859 dated June 1, 1980, Inductive device having two orthogonal windings, Paul Merestsky.
4500827 dated 19 February 1985, Linear Electric Generator, Thomas Merit.
4904926 dated February 27, 1990, Electric Magnetic Motion Generator, Mario Paciszynski.
4945273 July 31, 1990, High Efficiency Electrical Machine, Joseph Pinkerton.
4883977 November 28, 1989, Magnetic Power Converter, Dennis Regan.
4077001 Electromagnetic transducer with stationary elements having variable magnetic resistance, Frank Richardson.
5018180 May 21, 1991, Energy Conversion Using High Density Charge, Kenneth Shoulders.
4652771 from March 24, 1987, Transformer with magnetic flux oscillations, Theodore Speech.
4772816 September 20, 1988, Energy Conversion System, Jeffrey Spence.
4748311 May 31, 1988, Inverter with power source for chopper parallel resonant circuit tuned to twice the chopper frequency, Friedrich-Werner Thomas.
International patent H02K 31/00, 39/00 dated June 24, 1982, Closed part of a unipolar machine, Adam Trombley.
4835433 1987, Equipment for direct conversion of radioactive decay energy into electrical energy, Brown P.M.
US Patents for Electrogravity: 1363037 Goddard December 21, 1920; 2004352 Simon June 11, 1935; 2210918 Karlovitz August 13, 1940; 2588427 Stringfield March 11, 1952; 2231877 Bennet February 18, 1941; 2279586 Bennet April 14, 1942; 2305500 Slayter December 15, 1942.
English patent number 300,311 dated 15 August 1927, Device for producing force or motion by means of electrodes, Townsend Brown.
French patent number 1003484 dated 11/1951.
Electrogravity.
3187206 June 1, 1965, Electrokinetic Instrumentation, Townsend Brown.
3022430 February 20, 1962, Electrokinetic Generator, Townsend Brown.
3018394 January 23, 1962, Electrokinetic Transducer, Townsend Brown.
2949550 August 16, 1960, Electrokinetic Apparatus, Townsend Brown.
1974483 dated September 25, 1934, Electrostatic motor, Townsend Brown.
4687947 dated August 18, 1987, Electrical Power Conservation Circuit, Melvin Cobb.
4772775 from 20 September 1988, Generation of plasma flow in an electric arc, Sam Leach.
4432098 and 4429280, Information Transmission by Magnetic Vector Potential, Reynolds Gelinas.
UK, No. 547668, January 30 (September 7), 1942, Permanent Magnet Motor by Stanley Hitchcock.
UK, Application No.2282708A, Permanent Magnet Motor, Robert Adams, Harold Aspden.

Patents for splitting water and using it as fuel, including “cold fusion”
4394230 US patent dated July 19, 1983, Method and apparatus for splitting water molecules, Henry K. Puharich.
2251775 UK patent dated 20 April 1994, Thermoelectric conversion, Harold Aspden.
5288336 US patent, Thermoelectric conversion, Harold Aspden.

Organizations and centers for the study of free energy technologies
Russian Physical Society, 141002, Moscow region, Mytishchi, B. Sharapovskaya 3. Fax 095-2926511. Publishes magazines.
Institute of Free Energy, St. Petersburg, 193024, PO Box 37. Public organization, a database of gravity and alternative energy research.
Academy for Future Sciences, P.O.Box FE, Los Gatos, CA 95031, USA.
AERI, Advanced Energy Research Institute, 14 Devonshire Mews West, London W1N 1Fp, Great Britain.
ADAS, Association of Distinguished American Scientists, P.O.Box 1472, Huntsville, AL 35807, USA. Fax 205-536-0411.
Borderland Sciences Research Foundation, P.O.Box 429, Garberville, CA 95440-0429, USA.
Center for Action, P.O.Box 472, HCR 31, Sandy Valley, NT 89019, USA. Publishes books, a magazine and distributes videotapes.
COSRAY, The Research Institute, Inc., 2505 South Forth Street East, P.O.Box 651045, Salt Lake City, UT 84165-1045, USA.
Delta Spectrum Research, Inc., 5608 South 107th East Av., Tusla, Oklahoma 74146 USA. Fax 918-459-3789. Database on commercial projects in the field of free energy, in electronic form - about 11 MB. Sends articles on NASA's work in the field of electrogravity:
Electrostatic levitator with feedback control; Hybrid contactless heating and levitator; Precision fabrication of electromagnetic-levitation coils and others.
Electrodynamic Gravity, Inc., 35 W. Tallmadge Ave., Akron, Ohio 44310, USA.
Fusion Information Center, P.O.Box 58639, Salt Lake City, Utah 84158-0369, publishes the cold fusion journal Fusion Facts, fax 801-583-6245.
Gravity Power Research Association, 36 Mountain Road, Burlington, MA 01803, USA.
GRI, Group Research Institute, P.O.Box 438, Nelson, New Zealand. Dr. Ashley Gray.
High Energy Enterprises, P.O.Box 5636, Security, CO 80931, USA. Fax 719-4750582. Published books by Tesla and the results of the work of his followers. International Tesla Society Books.
Institute for Advanced Studies at Austin, 4030 Braker Lane W., Suite 300, Austin, TX 78759, USA.
INE, Institute for New Energy, 1304 South College Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80524, USA. Published by New Energy News, P.O.Box 58639, Salt Lake City, UT 84158-8639, USA. Access via EMAIL: [email protected].
Sends a collection of reports from the conference on developing free energy projects "Denver Report"94.
Intergrity Institute, 1377 K Street, NW, Suite 16, Washington DC, USA. Fax 202-543-3069. Research on electrogravity, inertial propulsion, negative mass as an energy source.
Distribution of materials about T.T. Brown's work on electrogravity.
JPI, Japan Psychrotronic Institute, Dr. Shiuji Inomata, Electrotechnical Laboratory, 1-1-4 Umezono, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305, Japan.
Cosmic Energy Association, 37-2 Nisigoshonouti, Kinugasa, Kitaku, Kyoto, 603, Japan. Dr. Masayoshi Ihara.
Orgone Biophysical Research Laboratory, Inc., P.O.Box 1395, E1 Cerrito, CA 94530, USA. Fax 510-526-5978.
Quantum Biology Research Laboratory, Cotati Research Institute, P.O.Box 60653, Palo Alto, CA 94306, USA.
PACE, Planetary Association for Clean Energy, Canadian Headquarters: 100 Bronson Av., Suite 1001, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada T1R 6G8. Fax 613-235-5876. European Representation in Germany:
Planetartsche Vereinigung fur Saubere Energie, Inc. Feyermuhler Strasse 12, D-53894 Mechernich, FRG. Fax 49-24438221, EMAIL [email protected]. Representative office in Latin America:
FUNDAPAC Allayme 1719, San Jose, Guaymallen, Argentina.
SEA, Space Energy Association, P.O.Box 11422, Clearwater, FL 34616, USA.
Tesla Book Company, P.O.Box 121873, Chula Vista, CA 91912, USA.
Tesla Incorporated, 760 Prairie Av., Craig, CO 81625, USA. Fax 303-824-7864. 300/1200/2400 modem for Tesla BBS by calling 719-486-2775.
ExtraOrdinary Science, Resource Guide, fax 719-475-0582. Official catalog of books, articles, videos and databases of the Tesla Society.
Explore Magazine, The New Dimension in Scientific Approach, P.O.Box 1508, Mount Vernon, Washington 98273, USA.
Electric Spacecraft Journal, P.O.Box 18387, Asheville, NC 28814, USA. Fax 704-683-3511.
Nexus New Times Magazine, P.O.Box 30, Maplepton Qld 4560, Australia. Fax 074-429381.
Cold Fusion Times Magazine, P.O.Box 81135, Wellesley Hills MA 02181, USA.
Infinite Energy Magazine, P.O.Box 2816, Concord, NH 03302-2816, USA. Published by Cold Fusion Technology Center, fax 603-224-5975, email: [email protected].
Journal of 21st Century Science & Technology, P.O.Box 16285, Washington, DC, 20041, USA.
Cold Fusion Magazine, 70 b Route 202N, Petersborough, NH 03458, USA.
Brown's Gas International, 5063 Densmore Av., ENCINO, California 91436, USA. Inventor of "Brown's gas", Yull Brown. Fax 818-990-4873 in the USA.
ENECO, Inc., 391-B Chipeta Way, Salt LAke City, Utah 84108, USA. Fax 801-5836245. Develops several power generation devices through cold fusion with both heavy and light water.
Robert Adams and Company 46 Landing Road, Whakatane, Bay of Plenty, New Zealand. Robert Adams, research on creating a permanent magnet motor-generator.
Methernitha, 3517 Linden, Switzerland. Manager Francis Bosshard.
Swiss Association for Free Energy, P.O.Box 10, 5704 Egliswilli, Switzerland.
Space Research Institute, Box 33, Uwajima, Ehime 79, Japan. Dr. Shinichi Seike. Fax 895-24-7325. Experiments on gravity and changes in the pace of time during the operation of free energy generators, measurements of chronal potentials.
Nuclear Power Corporation, 581 400 Karnataka, India. Project Director, Kaiga Project, Dr. Paramahamsa Tewari.
Cosmic Energy Foundation, Neptunuslaan 11, 3318 E1 Dordrecht Netherlands. Dr. Martin Holwerda, Director.
World Harmony, P.O.Box 361 Applecross 6153, Western Australia.
Another office for this group: U.S. World Harmony, P.O.Box 317, Rainier, WA 98576, USA.
Sabberton Research, P.O.Box 35, Southampton SO9 7BU, England, Dr. Harold Aspden.

It is known that a perpetual motion machine is a device that can endlessly perform work without consuming fuel or other energy resources. Today we all know that a perpetual motion machine is impossible. In this post you can learn about the first inventors of the perpetual motion machine and the further fate of their devices.

The first major inventor was Bessler, or under his creative pseudonym Orffireus. It took place in Germany in the 18th century. They say that this mysterious gentleman appeared in 1712 in the town of Gera. He had a strange toy with him: a thick wooden wheel, one and a half meters in diameter, wrapped in an oiled piece of leather. In the center of the wheel protruded a massive axle and a strong rope was tied to it. Standing in front of the public, Bessler gave a slight push and the wheel began to spin, the creaks of rolling wheels could be heard balls. The wheel pumped water using a small pump and also lifted weights. In total, the inventor created 4 machines. But he was very eccentric and suffered from a strong form of paranoia. Unfortunately, he left no records of the internal structure of the mechanism. In each of the devices, there was a part that he never showed, when he tried to open it, a wave of paranoia covered him, and he destroyed his machine in order to build an even bigger one in the future. At some point he was favored by Landgrave Karl of Hesse-Kassel. But the patron wanted to make sure that Bessler really invented a perpetual motion machine. Karl invited Leibniz, one of the greatest scientists in Europe at that time. Until the end, Leibniz could not be convinced that this was truly a perpetual motion machine, but he was very impressed and recommended the machine.

Then the Landgrave decided to conduct an additional check. Bessler was given a large room, in the center of which he built another machine. Two guards were posted at the door of the room. At the end of the work, the room was sealed and a month later they opened it and made sure that the wheel was still spinning. But as always, Bessler’s condition was that part of the device was closed, that is, it was impossible to be completely sure of the authenticity of the discovery. But despite the experiment, the count decided to do an additional check. In 1721, the Dutch mathematics professor William Gravesande was invited. To make sure that there was no person behind the curtain, Gravesande tore the curtain and sprinkled pepper there. But no one sneezed. They say that Gravesande was so impressed that he tried to involve Newton in studying the machine. But Newton did not answer the letter, or he generally disdained attempts to create a perpetual motion machine. After this inspection, Bessler took a large hammer and smashed his car into pieces. At some point, the maid's testimony appeared that she helped run the wheel. But there is an opinion that this is perjury, because of the small salary.

Apart from the drawing, nothing has survived from that invention. Most likely, the mechanism worked on the principle of a gear wheel, in the recesses of which weights that can be hinged are attached. The geometry of the teeth is such that the weights on the left side of the wheel are always closer to the axle than on the right. According to the author, this, in accordance with the law of the lever, should cause the wheel to constantly rotate. When rotating, the weights would swing out to the right and maintain the driving force. However, if such a wheel is made, it will remain motionless. The reason for this fact is that although the weights on the right have a longer lever, on the left there are more in number. As a result, the moments of forces on the right and left are equal. Later in the 19th century, Thomas Young formulated the concept of energy as the ability to do work. Julius von Meyer, a physician and physicist, comes to the conclusion that energy is conserved, it simply changes its form. James Joule came to the same conclusion. And the third scientist who came up with the idea of ​​energy conservation was Hermann von Helmholtz, also a doctor and physicist. In his article, Helmholtz formulated the impossibility of a perpetual motion machine of the first kind, that is, a mechanism that violates the law of conservation of energy. Energy doesn't come from nowhere.

The next major “inventor” of a perpetual motion machine was the American Keely with his Keely engine. He lived in Philadelphia. For the time being, he was a completely unknown person, making small toys and selling them at the local market. Around 1874, rumors began to spread around Philadelphia about a new invention using a new, unknown force. We must remember that these were the times of Edison, with his light bulb, Nobel and dynamite, Maxwell and the theory of electromagnetism. Quite quickly, many investors were found who were willing to invest a lot of money in this device. The investors were from Philadelphia and New York. The Keely Motor Company was founded.

Keely and the board of directors of the Keely Motor Company. But you need to understand that Kili could speak beautifully, but very incomprehensibly. Nobody could understand him. He loved to make beautiful demonstrations, explained a lot, but did not show the structure of the mechanism. And all the time he promised that a new engine design would be invented soon. And so it went on for almost 10 years. Investors went to court twice, expert witnesses were invited, but nothing helped. The problem was that the company was named after him and everything depended on the inventor. And investors didn’t really have any rights. And to prevent Keeley from running away, investors had to make compromises with him. There was even a joke saying that Keeley-powered ships would sail through the Panama Canal. At the most difficult moment, Keely found a sponsor: the widow Clara Bloomfield-Mohr. She helped him with money and PR. But due to strong criticism, she wanted to conduct a review. Alexander Scott, an electrical engineer, was invited. One of Keely's demonstration mechanisms was the so-called levitation experiment, or chord-mass.

Last year, the magazine, in the first issue of which welcomed readers A. Einstein, fulfilled 85 years.

A small editorial team continues to publish IR, whose readers you are honored to be. Although this becomes more and more difficult every year. A long time ago, at the beginning of the new century, the Editorial Board had to leave their native place of residence on Myasnitskaya Street. (Well, really, this is a place for banks, not some body of inventors). However, it helped us Yu.Maslyukov(at that time Chairman of the Committee of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation on Industry) move to NIIAA near the Kaluzhskaya metro station. Despite the strict compliance by the Editorial Board with the terms of the contract and timely payment of rent, and the inspiring proclamation of a course for innovation by the President and Government of the Russian Federation, the new director at NIIAA informed us about the eviction of the Editorial Board “due to production needs.” This is with a decrease in the number of employees at NIIAA by almost 8 times and the corresponding release of space, and despite the fact that the area occupied by the editorial office did not account for even one hundredth of a percent of the vast areas of NIIAA.

We were sheltered by MIREA, where we have been located for the last five years. Moving twice is the same as burning once, the saying goes. But the editors are holding on and will hold on as long as they can. And it can exist as long as the magazine "Inventor and innovator" read and write out.

Trying to reach a larger number of interested people with information, we have updated the magazine’s website, making it, in our opinion, more informative. We are digitizing publications from previous years, starting with 1929 year - the time the magazine was founded. Let's release electronic version. But the main thing is the paper edition IR.

Unfortunately, the number of subscribers, the only financial basis for existence IR, both organizations and individuals, is decreasing. And my numerous letters about support for the magazine to government leaders of various ranks (both presidents of the Russian Federation, prime ministers, both Moscow mayors, both governors of the Moscow region, the governor of my native Kuban, heads of the largest Russian companies) did not yield any results.

In connection with the above, the Editors would like to ask you, our readers: support the magazine, of course, if possible. A receipt by which you can transfer money for statutory activities, that is, the publication of a magazine, is published below.

Our editorial office receives letters with enviable regularity describing the designs of perpetual motion machines and offers to help with the construction of a working prototype in the name of eternal happiness for all humanity. We have great respect for all our readers, including those who consider the first and second postulates of thermodynamics to be an unfortunate historical misunderstanding. Moreover, we consider invention to be the most important of talents and the most honorable of hobbies.

To help our readers who are engaged in the development of Perpetuum Mobile in their spare time, we decided to describe several simple ways test their cars and find out as soon as possible whether they are on the right track or it’s time to throw the finished drawings into the trash and start working on new ones.

Disease history

Dr. Donald Simanek is a highly decorated physicist: a professor at the University of Pennsylvania, the author of numerous publications on both electrical conductor physics and education, as well as a stereophotographer, laboratory instrument designer, and passionate science communicator. After retiring in 1999, he devoted himself to writing opinion columns on invention for popular science magazines.

Dr. Simanek considers the construction of perpetual motion machines to be an excellent educational aid, but only until the author of the design begins to believe that the machine will actually work. The honored physicist is extremely intolerant of neglecting the postulates of thermodynamics. Apparently, this is why he decided to create a medicine for patients suffering from Perpetuum Mobile mania.

Donald Simanek has developed a number of simple ways to test the operation of a potential perpetual motion machine at home with minimal investment in both measuring instruments and the construction of the prototype itself. The disease, as a rule, develops according to the classical scenario. The patient builds another design of an “eternal wheel” - a wheel, one side of which is always heavier than the other due to a system of levers, rolling balls, overflowing liquid, etc.

Typically, a “perpetual wheel” is a rather complex mechanical design, which is very difficult to implement at a decent technical level. Numerous hinges, bearings, levers of complex shape always leave much to be desired in terms of workmanship. Therefore, it is difficult to determine by eye why the machine stops: either the concept is untenable, or friction and imbalance in imperfectly manufactured parts are interfering.

This is how doubts arise. The author of the prototype starts the wheel, and it rotates for quite a long time. All mechanisms work as intended. It seems as if you just need to reduce the friction just a little more and the mechanism will work forever. So the author begins to believe in success and convince others that if they invest in the purchase of the most modern bearings and the most accurate 3D printers, then happiness for all humanity will be achieved, and Joule and Kelvin will be left in the cold.

Attorney kick

The problem with most Perpetuum Mobile inventors is that they think Hamburg account": proof of the viability of their project can only be movement for any length of time. This means that in order for the machine to work and “everyone will know,” it is necessary to build a working prototype using all the necessary technologies.

In fact, to prove the validity of a concept, it is not at all necessary to build a full-scale model and make it rotate forever. It is enough just to demonstrate that the original structural elements, no matter how handicraft they are made, generate at least a drop of energy. To do this, it is enough to compare the behavior of the “eternal” wheel with the usual one, creating the same conditions for them.

As a rule, in order to activate the prototype of the “perpetual wheel”, it is necessary to give it an initial impulse - push it with your hand. Let's try, instead of a spontaneous “push,” to give the wheel a strictly defined amount of energy. To do this, it is enough to wind, say, ten turns of the cord around the engine axis, and attach a load, for example a kilogram weight, to the other end of the cord.

Release the weight and allow it to spin the machine axle. Record the time it takes for the car to stop. And then take a second measurement: fix all the mechanisms that are designed to shift the balance of the wheel, so that the wheel is completely balanced. By securing all the balls, levers and hinges with, say, tape, you will turn the “eternal” wheel into the most ordinary one. Wind the same ten turns around the axle, tie the same one kilogram and time how long it takes for the wheel to stop. If the test time of the “perpetual wheel” exceeds the usual time, you can safely call the Nobel Committee.

A similar way of testing is to install a prototype on an elevated surface and time the time it takes for the load to drop to the ground or for the cord to completely unwind. It is important to conduct experiments well. Select a load such that the wheel rotation speed is optimal for the operation of all “perpetual motion” mechanisms. The length of the cord should provide a more or less long experiment time, at least 20 seconds. Archimedes' power keeps supertankers weighing hundreds of thousands of tons afloat, while their owners do not have to pay the ocean with fuel, water, or anything else. How not to take advantage of such generosity of nature? A float perpetual motion machine is prevented from working by the same thing that creates the Archimedean force - the pressure of the water column. In order for a “dry” float to enter the water column from below, it needs to overcome the pressure - the same thing that pushes the “wet” floats out of the water. The balance of power is once again not in favor of Perpetuum Mobile.

Physicists invented brakes

The “Eternal Wheel” has not lost popularity since the time of Leonardo da Vinci and even earlier. The first concepts of perpetual motion machines, in which the balance displacement was provided by mercury flowing from the axis to the rim, are attributed to an Indian mathematician named Bhaskara II (12th century), but drawings dating back to the early Middle Ages are known.

Of course, in the 21st century there are much more opportunities for creativity. The latest fashion is permanent magnet motors and stationary electromagnetic generators. A certain Tom Bearden in 2002 even managed to obtain a US patent for a generator that draws energy from a vacuum. The story was resolved by a huge scandal and mass recertification of patent office employees.

It will not be possible to test a permanent magnet motor using a plumb line with a load. Modern concepts require more advanced tools. However, even these can be easily built at home from scrap materials.

You can measure the torque of any engine using the de Prony brake. English term Break Horsepower, which refers to the horsepower of an engine, originates from this method, invented by Gaspard de Prony at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries. ekov (break - brake). To build a de Prony brake, you will need a pulley mounted on the motor shaft, a belt and two dynamometers. A dynamometer can mean any spring, the degree of stretch of which is clearly visible to the eye. We put the belt on a pulley and hang it from a stationary frame on two dynamometers.

The belt tension is adjusted so that the engine can operate at optimal speed. If the tension in your case turns out to be even slightly significant (which is unlikely), you will see that the dynamometer readings will diverge: the one located after the pulley in the direction of rotation will show less force. The difference in the dynamometer readings is the engine torque, that is, the benefit it will bring to the world. If you count the engine speed during measurement and multiply it by the torque, you will get the engine power.

The tests described above are applicable to almost all models of perpetual motion machines. Dr. Simanek reminds us that even in the most complex structure, consisting of many interacting parts, it is possible to identify a relatively simple element on which the entire concept of perpetual motion is based. This is what needs to be tested, not an expensive, fully functional prototype.

Trust but check

The desire to change the world and make humanity happy with free energy is very commendable. Moreover, the construction of perpetual motion machines is a fascinating and instructive hobby that is widespread even among those people who do not doubt for a second the impossibility of building a real machine.

If you believe in miracles, go for it, but before you send letters to magazines and mortgage your house, don’t be lazy to do two simple tests. By the way, we described only the simplest existing measuring technologies. You can learn about many more advanced ones by getting acquainted directly with the works of Donald Simanek. If even after this you remain true to your dream, we sincerely wish you good luck. But we warn you that the postulates of thermodynamics, proven over centuries, will not give up ground without a fight.
The amazing capillary effect actually causes water to rise through a thin tube, defying the force of gravity. It would seem that it would be a sin not to use this property to “freely” raise water to a height. Unfortunately, water, having filled the entire capillary, will not flow out of it. The drop will be prevented from falling by an effect similar to capillary - surface tension. In some cases, similar designs can work to capture the imagination of viewers. The secret is simple: water will flow out of the tube when atmospheric pressure changes, that is, using the energy of air masses. Such a “perpetual motion machine” is called imaginary.
* All Perpetuum Mobiles are divided into perpetual motion machines of the first and second kind. The first seek to extract energy from nothing, thereby violating the first postulate of thermodynamics: in any isolated system, the energy supply remains constant (Joule's formulation). An example of such an engine is the “perpetual wheel”. * Perpetual motion machines of the second kind tend to use once received energy many times, violating the second law of thermodynamics: the entropy of an isolated system cannot decrease, that is, work cannot be done by transferring heat from a colder body to a hotter one. An example is a heat engine that extracts heat from the ocean.