Why did the Byzantine Emperor Basil II get the nickname Bulgar Slayer? The Witch King Agrippa of Nettesheim John I Posthumous

On his father's side, Richard the Lionheart was descended from the infamous Plantagenet dynasty. It is to them, according to medieval chroniclers, that the prophecy of Merlin is dedicated "and the brother will betray his brother, and the son will betray his father."

"They come from the devil and they will come to the devil"

Richard's father, Henry II, could not serve as a good example for his son. From childhood, the boy listened to his mother's complaints about his father's constant betrayals. In addition, on the orders of Henry, without a significant reason, one of the most respected and authoritative people in England, Archbishop Thomas Beckett, was killed. This was a blow to the princes, who were tied to the priest - he was the teacher of the older boys.
Richard's older brother, Henry, nicknamed the "Young King", also distinguished himself in his time. He plotted against his father, enticed his younger brothers to his side, but as soon as things smelled fried, he rushed to repent before his father.
With relatives on the mother's side, the beautiful Eleanor of Aquitaine, things happened even more serious. Richard loved to retell the legend of his grandmother, who did not want to take the sacrament after Mass. When the family became suspicious, they tried to force her, but the woman turned into a bird of prey and flew out the window.

Sissy

Henry II had four sons. The eldest, Henry the Young, was considered the most talented in the family. Geoffrey, by all accounts, was cheated by nature - just a classic middle son. The youngest, John, enjoyed his father's special affection. Well, Richard has always been Mommy's favorite.

When Henry was tired of sharing power with his willful and stubborn wife, he sent her away from the court to her native Aquitaine. She took Richard with her.
Eleanor was one of the most influential ladies of her time, it was to her and her entourage that courtly culture owed its appearance. Eleanor herself was distinguished by a frivolous disposition, there were numerous rumors about her love affairs, poets dedicated their poems to her. And there was more than one marriage in her biography - she became the wife of Henry II after a divorce from her first husband, King Louis VII of France.
Mother and son were "inseparable". Richard did not even go on a crusade without his mother. A separate ship was equipped for Eleanor and her court ladies. Otherwise, how is there a son without supervision in the Holy Land.

Alchemist and troubadour

Education at the most courtly court in Europe left its mark on Richard. He grew up with the legends of King Arthur, the Holy Grail and the Knights of the Round Table. It is not surprising that he was attracted by exploits, and not by a calm and prosperous reign in his homeland.
From childhood, Richard was good not only in physical exercises, but also in his studies. It is said, among other things, that he was fed the same milk as Alexander Neckham, the famous English philosopher and theologian. Alexander's mother was Richard's nurse. “She fed him with her right breast, and Alexandra with her left breast,” the chronicler clarifies, pleased that this manages to explain Plantagenet's mental abilities. Not surprisingly, several alchemical treatises are attributed to Richard's pen. Alchemy was generally considered a royal science, because the kings are closely associated with everyday magic - they are credited with healing by the laying on of hands, and the transformation of base metals into gold. Skeptics object that Richard spent too much time in the crusades, where there was no time for treatises at all.
Nevertheless, his time was enough for poetry, although he did not succeed very much in them. But he had an innate sense of rhythm, which he sometimes showed in a somewhat unexpected way. For example, the chronicle reports, if suddenly the monks in the church did not sing the way he wanted, he climbed the kliros and began to lead the choir himself.

"Yes and no"

Richard and his brothers liked, following the example of their mother, to surround themselves with minstrels, poets and other artists. A faithful companion of young Henry was the troubadour and nobleman Bertrand de Born. Only he sang not the beauty of his lady, but the delights of war - Bertrand could not imagine life without battles and battles.
He despised Richard and gave the young man the derisive nickname "Yes-and-no", alluding to the fact that he often changes his mind, despite the fact that he himself was clearly not an ideal of fidelity. Before Henry the Young, he served at the Saxon court, with the sister of Henry and Richard, Matilda. But from there the troubadour was expelled in disgrace, as he tried to hit on his mistress.
Having moved to England, he decides that the young princes are too peaceful. If it goes on like this, no war is foreseen. And then he begins to turn them against each other, as well as against his father, sends his jugglers with daring songs. He calls the elder prince "Henry without land", hinting that he will be bypassed in the inheritance.
After the death of Henry the Young, he broke out into several "laments" - poems in which he sang the valor and dignity of the deceased prince. And then, without hesitation, he went over to Richard's side.

Was there a boy

It was customary in royal families to marry early. These marriages were, of course, political. A successful union could significantly expand the territory of the state.
It is not surprising that Henry II selected wives for princes quite early and very carefully. So Henry the Young was married at the age of seven with a three-year-old bride.
But Richard in family life no luck.
His first bride was the French princess Adelaide. From a certain age, she was brought up at the English court, where Richard found an unexpected competitor. The girl was seduced by his own father Henry, after which Richard refused to marry her.
As a result, Berengaria of Navarre became the prince's wife. This time, his mother found a bride for him. But the marriage was childless, worse than that, there were rumors that Richard did not fulfill his marital duty at all.
Chroniclers write that Richard was extremely close to King Philip Augustus of France at the time when he was visiting Paris. "They dined at the same table and ate from the same dish, and at night their beds did not separate them." Francis Mondimore quotes these words in Homosexuality. Natural History”, without doubting that they are talking about love.
Once, Richard himself, before setting off on a crusade, where the path was ordered with sins, publicly confessed to the sin of Sodom. In fairness, it should be noted that Richard was more bisexual, but not with his wife. From an extramarital affair, he had a son, Philip.

Voice from prison

Raised on the exploits of King Arthur, Richard has to face real wars and opponents during the crusade. Moreover, fellow Christians sometimes behaved worse than the Saracens.
During the crusade, Richard fell ill, presumably with malaria. And who sent him doctors, fresh fruit and ice to save himself from the heat? His opponent is Saladin.
When Richard returned to his homeland, he was captured. And by no means Saracens, but the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, who asked for a huge ransom for Richard. There is a widespread legend that one of Richard's vassals, the troubadour Blondel, found out about the place where his sovereign languishes in an unusual way. He was walking through the city and humming a song composed by Richard himself, when suddenly he heard a voice from the prison tower that echoed him. This was the prisoner king.
Richard was rescued from the dungeon, of course, by his mother. She launched a campaign in England to raise money, while trying to rein in her youngest son, who, on the sly, decided to get rid of Richard and take the throne.

Richard and Robin

Of course, the heroic and paradoxical personality of Richard remained in the people's memory. He became the hero of many medieval legends and literary works, and the English kings successfully used his image for propaganda.
So in the novel of the Hundred Years War, it is told how, in the crusade, the British, led by Richard the Lionheart, upset all the insidious plans of the French, Philip Augustus. There is also a funny explanation of the king's nickname: the enemies threw Richard to be eaten by a lion, but the king put his hand into the beast's mouth and tore out his heart from his chest.
Also, quite early, a legend retold by Walter Scott appears: Richard returns unrecognized from the Crusade and enters the tournament. He defeats all opponents until he loses his helmet. Faithful companions finally recognize him, and together they oppose the insidious Prince John, nicknamed "Landless".
And finally, Richard is a key character in the legends of Robin Hood. In these stories, Robin's associates are people who do not want to serve the usurper king John. They are waiting for Richard to fight by his side. These stories have a historical background: Sherwood Forest was the ancestral property of Richard the Lionheart, once he freed him from the ban on logging and hunting. Therefore, in these parts, Richard was revered as a generous and generous ruler. Thus the paths of legend intersect at times with the paths of history.

Sovereign Fyodor Ioannovich was called in Russia "Blessed". He seemed to have no desire for power and withdrew from the government.

Last of a Kind

March 19, 1584 the third son of Ivan the Terrible came to the throne. According to most historians, Fedor Ioannovich, due to his mental abilities and poor health, was not ready to solve the country's pressing problems. With his appearance and deeds, the tsar seemed to personify the “death convulsions” of the oldest Moscow dynasty, Ivan Kalita.

According to Klyuchevsky, the Kalitino tribe "suffered from an excess of concern for earthly things"; Fyodor Ioannovich, on the contrary, "avoided worldly fuss and dokuki, thinking about the heavenly." Hence his aloofness and constant wandering smile, which many attributed to dementia; hence the earnest daily prayers. At the first stages, the council of nobles would “help” the tsar, but from 1587 Boris Godunov would become the de facto ruler of the country. Such a state of affairs will suit both the reigning and the ruling.

Mysterious smile

According to the descriptions of many contemporaries, a strange smile never left the face of the king. Fyodor Ioannovich used to get bored during embassy receptions and "admire his scepter and orb." But was that smile a manifestation of the weakness of his mind? Perhaps it was a mask behind which it was convenient for the king to hide and strike when it was least expected.

There is a version that the king “acquired” an unchanging smile in early childhood. Tsarevich Fyodor, who grew up in Alexander Sloboda, watched the horrors of the oprichnina and his fierce father from day to day. With his sad, ingratiating smile, Fedor begged for mercy and self-pity, "defended himself from the capricious father's anger." "Automatic grimace" eventually became a habit with which the king came to the throne.

Ponomary

Contemporaries noted that the tsar found pleasure in the spiritual life, "often ran around the churches to ring the bells and listen to mass." It was more suitable for him, as Karamzin later noted, a cell or a cave than a throne. Yes, and Ivan Vasilyevich himself often scolded the scout, saying that he was more like the son of a sexton than a king. In the “ponomaristvo” of Tsar Fedor, over time, no doubt, a considerable amount of exaggeration and caricaturism appeared.

However, his "monasticism" was closely intertwined with the kingdom, "one served as an adornment to the other." Fyodor Ioannovich was called the "consecrated king" - holiness and a heavenly crown were destined for him from above. In Ivan Timofeev's Vremennik, Fedor Ioannovich is shown as a prayer book for the Russian land, who is destined to repent of the sins of the Russian people.

Foolishness for Christ

The image of the devoid of reason, with which the tsar was sometimes “awarded” by foreign subjects, was, as you know, one of the most revered in Russia. The holy fools, God's people, were a worldly conscience, they were allowed to do what was inaccessible to the rest: boldly, without looking back, speak "unlike speeches", despise generally accepted norms and decency, scold anyone.

The holy fool often became a model of renunciation of earthly goods and dirty thoughts. They were forgiven everything, and boundless love and reverence for mere mortals were guaranteed. The tsar did not try to destroy the created image, on the contrary, he diligently “played along”. It is hardly possible to come up with a more convenient position, and in which case you can always say: what to take from him, from the holy fool ?!

Apple from an apple tree

The king, it seemed, did not resemble his formidable parent in any way: an ingenuous face, a quiet, almost obsequious voice. With outward indifference, he looked at the hot battle that flared up under the walls of Moscow, and expected: who will emerge victorious from it - Boris Godunov or the Crimean Khan Kazy-Girey? And on the occasion of the victory, he ordered the construction of the Donskoy Monastery on the site of the battle. The “inactive” tsar, meanwhile, “befriended” the Persian Shah Abbas and took an oath from the Georgian Tsar Alexander, who let him down during a campaign in Dagestan, laid the stone Smolensk and the White City.

During his reign, the construction of Arkhangelsk began, and Siberia received the capital - the new city of Tobolsk. It is believed that Godunov forced the uninitiated tsar to "sit on a war horse" in the war with the Swedes - with his appearance, Fyodor Ioannovich allegedly helped to cope with the stubbornness of the noble princes who led the Russian regiments. Could the "crazy" inspire victories and win even if partial, but revenge - to return Koporye, Yam, Ivangorod and Korela? The son could not overcome his father's passion for bloody "fun": he could watch fistfights for hours or follow the fights of hunters with bears, often ending tragically for the two-legged "gladiators".

Welcome!

While the peasants briefly got the opportunity to change their master on St. George's Day, and the country - the first Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, St. Job, the British in 1587 were granted the right to trade everywhere without paying fees and duties, which was a continuation of the policy begun by Ivan the Terrible. It is interesting that the Russians "wrapped up" the "wishes" of Queen Elizabeth to give the London merchants a monopoly.

Certain rules were established: not to bring other people's goods, to trade only in person and sell goods only in bulk, not to send your people by land to England without the knowledge of the Sovereign and in litigation with the Russians "depend on the tsar's treasurers and the Diak Posolsky". As a result of the introduction of duty-free trade, the Russian treasury lost a significant annual "infusion".

Last Help

January 17, 1598 blessed king died quietly, "as if falling asleep." In recent years, the not yet old forty-year-old king gradually, allegedly, began to lose his hearing and sight. Before his death, he wrote a spiritual letter, in which he transferred the state into the hands of his wife Irina, appointing Patriarch Job and his brother-in-law Boris Godunov as advisers to the throne. The life of the king, which was written by Job, conveys a sincere atmosphere of universal sorrow for the departed ruler.

During the reign of Fyodor Ivanovich, the country received a small respite between the rampage of Grozny and a new turmoil. There is a version that Boris Godunov became an “assistant” in the last “case” of the tsar: much later, arsenic was found in the bones of Fyodor Ivanovich, with which, quite likely, he could be methodically poisoned. The boyars, carried away by their own concerns, did not bother to correct the unfortunate mistake made: on the sarcophagus of the king, instead of “pious”, the master carved “pious”.

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BYZANTINE ANGEL An international journal of modern literature published in Kyiv under the editorship of Igor Kruchik by the private publishing house "ViAn" since the end of 1995. Circulation - 500 copies. Poems, prose, essays, articles by Kyivans were published, writing both in Russian and

As a rule, any ruler was called by the people with a weighty and well-aimed word, and so sometimes that the nickname would be fixed for centuries.

I'll start, perhaps, with the most antiquity.

Prince Svyatoslav of Kyiv (945 - 964) had a nickname among his enemies Leopard. He was young, ardent, courageous and smart, more than once he defeated the Pechenegs and Bulgars with a smaller number of troops.

The son of Svyatoslav - Kyiv Prince Vladimir (980 - 1015) had nicknames - Saint and red sun. He baptized pagan Russia, ruled with dignity, justly, managed to unite princes from other lands around himself.

Prince Yaroslav (1019 - 1054) was nicknamed Wise. Under him, Kyiv turned into one of the largest and most beautiful cities in Europe. Dynastic marriages strengthened ties with European countries. Yaroslav founded a number of new cities. Yaroslavl was founded on the Volga, and Yuryev (the present-day Estonian city of Tartu) in the conquered land of the Chuds (Ests).

The son of Prince Vsevolod of Chernigov and then the Kyiv Prince Vladimir became Monomakh(1113 - 1125). Vladimir Monomakh is the first Russian prince who beat the nomads on their territory. It was a new military tactic of Russia. In Polovtsian tents and wagons, mothers frightened children with the name of Vladimir Monomakh.

In 1125 - 1132. The Kyiv prince was the eldest son of Monomakh Mstislav Vladimirovich, nicknamed Great. This was the last period of the relative political unity of Kievan Rus.

Prince of Rostov-Suzdal land Andrey Yurievich had the nickname Bogolyubsky, not in his attitude to God, but because he loved his family estate very much - the village of Bogolyubovo, where he was killed during the boyar conspiracy.

Andrei's younger brother - Vsevolod had a nickname Big Nest, given for the fact that he successfully managed to put all his sons on the board in other cities.

It is characteristic that at that time nicknames were still fixed as a family feature, and were not yet distributed among children.

He showed himself in some business or ruled the place - a nickname stuck among the people, which was later mentioned in the Chronicles. Later, nicknames began to be passed from generation to generation - a surname.

The founder of Moscow, Prince Yuri Vladimirovich, had the nickname Dolgoruky, given for having long arms disproportionate to the body, and the prince liked to attach to his lands those distant volosts in which the ruler was weak.

Novgorod prince Alexander Yaroslavovich received the nickname " Nevsky"for the victorious battle on the Neva, in which he defeated the Swedish squad.

Sons of Prince Ivan Kalita- princes Simeon and Ivan had nicknames Proud and Red.

Prince Dmitry Ivanovich, for the victory over the Horde received the nickname Donskoy.

Prince Vasily oblique in internecine princely strife for the possession of power over Russia was taken prisoner by Prince Dmitry Shemyakay, blinded and nicknamed Dark, under which he later ruled Moscow.

Tsar of Moscow Ivan IV was called Grozny. And there was a reason - the king was fierce, he was quick to reprisal, he did not consider the opinion of a stranger.

Tsar of All Russia Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov (1645-1676) went down in history as Alexey Quietest. The quietest wanted to observe the customs of old Moscow Russia. But, seeing the successes of Western European countries, he simultaneously sought to adopt their achievements. Russia balanced between paternal antiquity and European innovations.

The son of Tsar Alexei - Peter I, having barely begun to rule, received the nickname Great, under it and entered History. Many great and glorious deeds were performed by the young tsar, turning the old Russian orders with force towards Europe. In addition, among the people, this king was given the nickname Tabachnik for his love for tobacco, previously unfamiliar in Russia.

The official nickname of Nicholas I (1825-1855) - Unforgettable.
However, among the people, the name “Palkin” was preserved for him, because he loved the mouthpiece and corporal punishment, which the writer Leo Tolstoy aptly noticed in one of his stories.

Alexander II (1855-1881) was officially called Liberator, for the fact that serfdom in Russia was canceled.

Alexander III (1881-1894) was called " peacekeeper”, for the fact that under him Russia practically did not wage wars.

Nicholas II (1904-1917) was popularly called Nicholas the Bloody, for the execution of a peaceful procession to the king on January 9, 1909. In addition, the people called the king " Nikola Fool»

Vladimir Ulyanov himself took a party nickname Lenin, in honor of the Lena execution of rebellious workers. In the circle of associates bore the nickname " Old man», « Ilyich», « Lukic», « Petrovich". In the people's memory, Ulyanov remained as: " Lenin», « Grandfather Lenin», « Leader», « Ilyich», « Vovka" and " Bald».

The first fixed pseudonym of Joseph Dzhugashvili was Koba. Later, Dzhugashvili took the nickname Stalin, by analogy with Lenin.

The people called the father of nations: Folk song heart», « pockmarked», « Yosya the Terrible», « soul van».

Among the intelligentsia, Stalin was called " Ginger», « Cockroach" and " shoemaker"- thanks to the famous poem of the poet Mandelstam.

Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev was called by the people by nicknames - “ Nikita kuruznik», « Khrushch», « collective farmer" and " boar».

Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev, becoming Khrushchev's successor, immediately received the nickname " manager". People often called him " Brovenos in the dark" or " Epochal Ilyich", as well as " Twice Ilyich of the Soviet Union"by analogy with the numerous titles of the Hero of the USSR

Yuri Andropov - Mohican, Second Stalin, Chekist, Jeweler.

Mikhail Gorbachev - Bald, Tagged, Globe, Hunchbacked, Hunchback, Lemonade Joe, Democratizer, Talker Bear and many others.

Boris Yeltsin - Grandfather, Chef, Drunkard, Yolkin. Yeltsin's opposition christened him with three letters EBN.

As a child, Vladimir Putin was called " Putka" and " way».

In the reconnaissance group (Dresden, East Germany - German Democratic Republic), they also gave each other nicknames. Vladimir Putin was named " uti-way».

As the newspaper "Sovershenno sekretno" wrote, "in the Leningrad KGB, Putin had nicknames" mole», « little rat», « Kaputin" and " Khaputin", And while working with Sobchak, Putin was called -" Stasi», « Vice Sobchak»,

After 1999, the following nicknames appeared: " toilet putenok», « Cleansing and wetting agent - toilet Putenok", as well as " Ugly Putenok», « Puffy Pu», « pale aphid».

Boris Yeltsin, learning about the successor, called Putin simply - " Baby". In addition, among the people Putin is often called " successor», Putler and Puteng.

Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev. They say that as soon as the Kremlin started talking about DAM, as about the successor, he was immediately dubbed the nickname " Vizier". They also say that the seven-year-old Dima was teased by the boys in childhood " tadpole". The people call Medvedev " Medved», « Abrashka Shorty», « Na-but», « Mendel-Potapych», « Gummy bear», « iPhone», « Kremlin dwarf».

In general, everyone was duly given nicknames in Russia, in the USSR and Russia.

Each ruler of the Russian state, from the times of Kievan and Specific Rus to the collapse of the Great Empire, left his mark on history. Some rulers deserved good fame and honor, others - love and trust, others - hatred, fourth - deep contempt of their people. In accordance with the character, activities or specific deeds of the monarchs, their historical nicknames were formed. Some additional names of Russian princes went into oblivion along with their bearers, while others were fixed for centuries.

Nicknames of ancient Russian rulers

The first in the ancient Russian chronicle "The Tale of Bygone Years" is the ancestor of the princely dynasty, the Novgorod prince from the Varangians, Rurik (862-879). There is an assumption that it was not his own name, but the generic nickname of the dynasty of the rulers of the Slavic Obodrite tribe, Rerek.

The next significant figure, who ruled from 879 to 884, was Prince Oleg, who received the nickname Prophetic (“knowing the future”). It stuck to him after the campaign against Constantinople, when the ruler forbade the hungry combatants to touch food and wine, not unreasonably being sure that they were poisoned.

Igor Rurikovich (912-945) received the nickname Old (Ancient). There are 2 versions of its occurrence: the period of the prince's reign fell on a fairly mature age (about 60 years old) or he was killed by the wild people of the Drevlyans, whose name is consonant with the name of the Ancient. Igor's wife, Olga, was called the Saint because she became the first ancient Russian ruler who adopted the Christian faith. The nickname of Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich is Bars. He was given it by Pecheneg enemies for his intelligence, courage, decisive character and hot temper. His own people called him Glorious.

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The sixth son of Monomakh, Yuri Vladimirovich, traditionally considered the founder of Moscow, was nicknamed Dolgoruky for his constant encroachment on foreign lands. Andrei Yurievich, Grand Duke of Vladimir, was called Bogolyubsky. According to some sources, this nickname in history is due to the ancient Russian tradition of calling the rulers God-loving, and in accordance with others, it is associated with the name of the main residence located in the city of Bogolyubovo. Andrei's younger brother, Vsevolod, was given the nickname Prince Gnezdo ("Big Nest") for his numerous offspring. He had 12 children - 8 sons and 4 daughters.

The grandson of Yaroslav the Wise, the founder of the Olgovich family, Oleg Svyatoslavovich, received the nickname Goreslavich for inciting civil strife and his miserable fate, by whose will he turned into an outcast. The great commander, Prince of Kyiv, Vladimir and Novgorod, Alexander Yaroslavovich, grandson of Vsevolod the Big Nest, began to bear the nickname Nevsky after the victory on the banks of the Neva. There, according to legend, with his own spear, “put a seal” on the face of the future ruler of Sweden.

It is characteristic that the nicknames of the Grand Dukes Old Russian state, which at first did not apply to children, eventually began to form the basis of surnames and be passed down from generation to generation. For example, the nickname of Prince Alexander Nevsky, who later won the Battle of the Ice on Lake Peipus, was also carried by his descendants.

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Russian tsars

The nickname of Ivan IV, who has become one of the most cruel and iconic figures, is the Terrible. He was the first to replace the usual grand-ducal title with a royal title, he was married to the state throne, and went down in Russian history as a bloody tyrant.

In the period from 1598 to 1613, called the Time of Troubles, Tsarevich Dmitry came to power, posing as the youngest son of Ivan the Terrible, who had previously died under hitherto unknown circumstances. He was the first of 4 pretenders to the throne. The nicknames of the Russian rulers who put forward the version of miraculous salvation and subsequently usurped power are False Dmitry I, II, III and IV.

The second monarch from the Romanov dynasty, Alexei Mikhailovich, received the nickname of the quietest tsar not for his shortness of character, but for the fact that he was able to "comfort" Russia, torn apart by rebels and impostors, who were then called "libertines of silence." The nickname of Tsar Alexei passed to his sons, Fedor, Ivan and Peter, who were successors to the throne.

The youngest son of the Quietest, Pyotr Alekseevich, who ruled from 1689 to 1725, could by no means be called quiet. Peter I, who became one of the most prominent statesmen, rightfully bore the nickname the Great.

Ivan VI, who formally ruled for exactly one year, being in infancy, was called the Infant Emperor. The nickname of Catherine II, the autocrats of the All-Russian - Great. This title passed to her from Peter I, who was the idol of the Empress. She continued the work of the "chicks of Petrov's nest", having built more than 140 cities.

Alexander II, who abolished serfdom in Russia, was nicknamed the Liberator. Alexander III, under which the state lived without wars - Peaceful.

"Bloody" - the nickname of the emperor, Nicholas II, who became the last autocrat of All Russia. He received it after the events of 1896 on Khodynka and Bloody Sunday 1905.

The nicknames of rulers, dignified, euphonious or offensive, fixed for centuries and surviving to this day, arose overnight, or were chosen from many. So it was, is and will be, and the nicknames in Russia that have been awarded or will be awarded to the current holders of power will also go down in history.

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