When they accepted that the earth was round. How to prove to anyone that the earth is round. Photos from space

They say that this is...

However, the hypothesis that our planet is spherical has existed for a very long time. The first to express this idea back in the 6th century BC was the ancient Greek philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras. Another philosopher, Aristotle, who lived in Ancient Greece two centuries later, he provided visual evidence of sphericity: after all, during lunar eclipses, the Earth casts a precisely round shadow on the Moon!

Gradually, the idea that the Earth is a ball hanging in space and not supported by anything spread more and more widely. Centuries have passed, people have long known that the Earth is not flat and does not rest on whales or elephants... We walked around the world, crossed our ball in literally all directions, flew around it on an airplane, photographed it from space. We even know why not only ours, but also all other planets, the Sun, the stars, the Moon, and other large satellites are “round” and not some other shape. After all, they are large and have enormous mass. Their own gravitational force - gravity - tends to give celestial bodies a spherical shape.

Even if some force, greater than gravity, appeared, which would give the Earth the shape of, say, a suitcase, the end would still be the same: as soon as the action of this force ceased, the force of gravity would begin to collect the Earth again into a ball, “pulling in” protruding parts until all points on the surface are at an equal distance from the center.

Let's continue thinking about this topic...

Not a ball!

Back in the 17th century, the famous physicist and mathematician Newton made a bold assumption that the Earth is not a ball, or rather, not quite a ball. He assumed it and proved it mathematically.

Newton “drilled” (mentally, of course!) two communicating channels to the center of the planet: one from the North Pole, the other from the equator, and “filled” them with water. Calculations showed that the water settled at different levels. After all, in a polar well, only the force of gravity acts on the water, but in an equatorial well, it is also opposed by centrifugal force. The scientist argued: in order for both columns of water to exert the same pressure on the center of the Earth, that is, for them to have equal weight, the water level in the equatorial well should be higher - according to Newton’s calculations, by 1/230 of the average radius of the planet. In other words, the distance from the center to the equator is greater than to the pole.

To check Newton's calculations, the Paris Academy of Sciences sent two expeditions in 1735 - 1737: to Peru and Lapland. The expedition members had to measure meridian arcs - 1 degree each: one - in equatorial latitudes, in Peru, the other - in polar latitudes, in Lapland. After processing the expedition data, the head of the northern expedition, geodesist Pierre-Louis Maupertuis, announced that Newton was right: the Earth is compressed at the poles! This discovery of Maupertuis was immortalized by Voltaire in... an epigram:

Envoy of physics, brave sailor,

Having overcome both mountains and seas.

Dragging the quadrant among the snow and swamps,

Almost turning into a Lapp.

You found out after many losses.

What Newton knew without walking out the door.

It was in vain that Voltaire was so sarcastic: how can science exist without experimental confirmation of its theories?!

Be that as it may, now we know for sure that the Earth is flattened at the poles (if you like, stretched out at the equator). It is stretched, however, quite a bit: the polar radius is 6357 km, and the equatorial radius is 6378 km, only 21 km more.

Does it look like a pear?

However, is it possible to call the Earth, if not a ball, but an “oblate” ball, namely an ellipsoid of revolution? After all, as we know, its relief is uneven: there are mountains, there are also depressions. In addition, it is affected by the gravitational forces of other celestial bodies, primarily the Sun and the Moon. Even if their influence is small, the Moon is still capable of bending the shape of the liquid shell of the Earth - the World Ocean - by several meters, creating ebbs and flows. This means that the radii of “rotation” are different at different points!

In addition, in the north there is a “liquid” ocean, and in the south there is a “solid” continent covered with ice - Antarctica. It turns out that the Earth does not have a completely regular shape, it resembles a pear extended towards the North Pole. And by and large, its surface is so complex that it does not lend itself to a strict mathematical description. Therefore, scientists have proposed a special name for the shape of the Earth - geoid. The geoid is an irregular stereometric figure. Its surface approximately coincides with the surface of the World Ocean and continues on the mainland. The same “height above sea level” that is indicated in atlases and dictionaries is measured precisely from this geoid surface.

Well, scientifically:

Geoid(from ancient Greek γῆ - Earth and other Greek εἶδος - view, literally “something like the Earth”) - a convex closed surface that coincides with the surface of water in the seas and oceans in a calm state and perpendicular to the direction of gravity at any point. A geometric body deviating from a figure of rotation. An ellipsoid of revolution and reflecting the properties of the gravity potential on the Earth (near the Earth's surface), an important concept in geodesy.

1. The world's oceans

2. Earth's ellipsoid

3. Plumb lines

4. Body of the Earth

The geoid is defined as an equipotential surface earth's field gravity (level surface), approximately coinciding with the average water level of the World Ocean in an undisturbed state and conditionally continued under the continents. The difference between the actual mean sea level and the geoid can reach 1 m.

By definition of an equipotential surface, the surface of the geoid is perpendicular to the plumb line everywhere.

A geoid is not a geoid!

To be completely honest, it is worth admitting that due to differences in temperature in different parts of the planet and the salinity of the oceans and seas, atmospheric pressure and other factors, the surface of the water surface does not even coincide in shape with the geoid, but has deviations. For example, at the latitude of the Panama Canal, the difference in levels between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans is 62 cm.

Strong earthquakes also affect the shape of the Earth. One of these magnitude 9 earthquakes occurred on December 26, 2004 in Southeast Asia, in Sumatra. University of Milan professors Roberto Sabadini and Giorgio Dalla Via believe that it left a “scar” on the planet’s gravitational field, causing the geoid to bend significantly. To test this assumption, the Europeans intend to send into orbit a new GOCE satellite, equipped with modern highly sensitive equipment. We hope that he will soon send us accurate information about what shape the Earth has today.

and some more interesting things about the Earth: for example, when did they learn that the Earth was round? or When the Earth was first photographed from space. But you know, for example, why continents and parts of the world are called that? and just recently it was reported that

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Original taken from masterok V
Long-lost continent discovered at the bottom of the Indian Ocean

In early 2013, geologists found evidence that the submerged remains of an ancient microcontinent were scattered under the ocean, between Madagascar and India.

The proof was a discovery on Mauritius, a volcanic island lying about 900 km east of Madagascar. The oldest basalts there are about 8.9 million years old, says geologist Björn Jamtveit from the University of Oslo (Norway). But careful analysis of sand from two local beaches revealed about twenty zircons - crystals of zirconium silicate that are highly resistant to erosion and chemical changes. They are much older.

These zircons formed in granites and other volcanic rocks at least 660 million years ago. One of the crystals is at least 1.97 billion years old.

Mr Jamtveit and his colleagues suggest that the rocks containing these zircons originated in fragments of ancient continental crust beneath Mauritius. Apparently, relatively recent volcanic eruptions brought fragments of crust to the surface, where zircons ended up among the sand as a result of erosion.

Researchers also suspect that underneath Indian Ocean lies many fragments of that continental crust. An analysis of the Earth's gravitational field has revealed several areas where the oceanic crust is much thicker than usual - 25–30 km instead of the usual 5–10 km.

This anomaly may be the remains of a landmass, which scientists propose to call Mauritia. It probably split with Madagascar when tectonic rifting and seafloor stretching caused the Indian subcontinent to move northeastward from the southern Indian Ocean. Subsequent stretching and thinning of the crust in this area led to the subsidence of fragments of Maurice, which at that time consisted of an island or archipelago with a total area of ​​approximately three Cretes.

The scientists chose sand rather than local rocks for analysis to ensure that zircons that had been inadvertently stuck in crushing equipment from previous studies had not contaminated the fresh samples.

“We found zircon in the sand,” says University of Oslo professor Trond Torsvik, who led the study, “which is usually found in continental crust. Moreover, the zircons we found are very, very ancient.”

The closest outcrop of continental crust where Mauritian zircons can still be found is deep underwater. In addition, zircons were mined in places in Mauritius where people practically do not go and could hardly bring them with them. At the same time, the crystals are too large for the wind to transport them there.

About 85 million years ago, the BBC quotes Professor Torsvik as saying, when India began to separate from Madagascar, the microcontinent broke and went under water. Only minor remnants of it have survived, for example, the Seychelles.

“We need seismological data to get information about the geological structure of the rock on the ocean floor,” explained Professor Torsvik.

“Or you can start excavations at the bottom of the ocean, but this will cost a lot of money,” he emphasized.

Rodinia is a supercontinent believed to have formed about a billion years ago. At that time, the Earth consisted of one giant landmass and one giant ocean. Rodinia is considered the oldest known supercontinent, but its position and outline are still the subject of debate among scientists and experts.

Here is the most common version:

Once upon a time we could (if we lived at that time, of course) walk from Australia to North America. Many creatures living at that time made such transitions more than once. While heavy iron-containing rocks sank deeper, forming a core over several hundred million years, light rocks rose to the surface to form the crust. Gravitational compression and radioactive decay further warmed the Earth's interior. Due to the increase in temperature from the surface to the center of our planet, focuses of tension arose at the boundary with the crust (where the convective rings of mantle matter converge into an upward flow.)

Under the influence of mantle flows, lithospheric plates are in constant motion, hence the emergence of volcanoes, earthquakes and continental drift. The continents are constantly moving relative to each other, but since their displacement rate is approximately 1 centimeter per year, we do not notice this movement. However, if you compare the positions of the continents over billions of years, the shifts become noticeable. The theory of continental drift was first put forward in 1912 by German geographer Alfred Wegener, when he noticed that the borders of Africa and South America were similar, like pieces of the same puzzle. Later, after studying the ocean floor, his theory was confirmed. In addition, it was concluded that the North and South magnetic poles have changed places 16 times over the past 10 million years! Our planet was formed gradually: much that was there before disappeared, but now there is something that was missing in the past. Free oxygen did not immediately appear on the planet. Before the Proterozoic, despite the fact that there was already life on the planet, the atmosphere consisted only of carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, methane and ammonia. Scientists have found ancient deposits that were clearly not subject to oxidation.

For example, river pebbles made of pyrite, which reacts well with oxygen. If this did not happen, it means that there was no oxygen by that time. In addition, 2 billion years ago there were no potential sources capable of producing oxygen at all. To this day, photosynthetic organisms are the exclusive source of oxygen in the atmosphere. Early in Earth's history, the oxygen produced by Archaean anaerobic microorganisms was almost immediately used up to oxidize dissolved compounds, rocks, and gases in the atmosphere. Molecular oxygen was almost non-existent; By the way, it was poisonous to most organisms that existed at that time. By the beginning of the Paleoproterozoic era, all surface rocks and gases in the atmosphere had already been oxidized, and oxygen remained in the atmosphere in free form, which led to an oxygen catastrophe. Its significance is that it has globally changed the situation of communities on the planet.

If previously most of the Earth was inhabited by anaerobic organisms, that is, those that do not need oxygen and for which it is poisonous, now these organisms have faded into the background. The first place was taken by those who were previously in the minority: aerobic organisms, which previously existed only in an insignificantly small area of ​​accumulation of free oxygen, were now able to “settle” throughout the planet, with the exception of those small areas where there was not enough oxygen. An ozone screen formed over the nitrogen-oxygen atmosphere, and cosmic rays almost stopped making their way to the Earth's surface. The consequence of this is a decrease in the greenhouse effect and global climate change. 1.1 billion years ago on our planet there was one giant continent - Rodinia (from Russian Rodina) and one ocean - Mirovia (from Russian world). This period is called the “Ice World” because it was very cold on our planet at that time. Rodinia is considered the oldest continent on the planet, but there are suggestions that there were other continents before it.

Rodinia broke up 750 million years ago, apparently due to rising heat currents in the Earth's mantle that bulged up parts of the supercontinent, stretching the crust and causing it to break in those places. Although living organisms existed before the Rodinia fault, it was only in the Cambrian period that animals with a mineral skeleton began to appear, which replaced soft bodies. This time is sometimes called the “Cambrian explosion”, at the same moment the next supercontinent was formed - Pangea (Greek Πανγαία - all-earth). More recently, 150-220 million years ago (and for the Earth this is a very insignificant age), Pangea broke up into Gondwana, “assembled” from modern South America, Africa, Antarctica, Australia and the islands of Hindustan, and Laurasia - the second supercontinent consisting of Eurasia and North America. Tens of millions of years later, Laurasia split into Eurasia and North America, which are known to exist to this day. And after another 30 million years, Gondwana was divided into Antarctica, Africa, South America, Australia and India, which is a subcontinent, that is, it has its own continental plate. The movement of continents continues today.

Presumably, our continents will collide again and form a new supercontinent, which has already been given a name - Pangea Ultima. The term Pangea Ultima and the very theory of the appearance of the continent were invented by the American geologist Christopher Scotese, who, using various methods of calculating the movement of lithospheric plates, established that a merger could occur somewhere in 200 million years. The last Pangea, as this continent is sometimes called in Russia, will be almost entirely covered with deserts, and in the northwest and southeast there will be huge mountain ranges. .

People have long known that the Earth is round, and they are finding more and more new ways to show that our world is not flat. And yet, even in 2016, there are quite a few people on the planet who firmly believe that the Earth is not round. These are scary people, they tend to believe in conspiracy theories, and it's hard to argue with them. But they do exist. So is the Flat Earth Society. It becomes funny just thinking about their possible arguments. But the history of our species was interesting and quirky, even firmly established truths were refuted. You don't have to resort to complicated formulas to dispel the flat Earth conspiracy theory.

Just look around and check ten times: the Earth is definitely, inevitably, completely and absolutely not 100% flat.

Today people already know that the Moon is not a piece of cheese or a playful deity, and the phenomena of our satellite are well explained by modern science. But the ancient Greeks had no idea what it was, and in their search for an answer, they made some insightful observations that allowed people to determine the shape of our planet.

Aristotle (who made quite a few observations about the spherical nature of the Earth) noted that during lunar eclipses (when the Earth's orbit places the planet exactly between the Sun and the Moon, creating a shadow), the shadow on the lunar surface is circular. This shadow is the Earth, and the shadow cast by it directly indicates the spherical shape of the planet.

Since the Earth rotates (look up the Foucault pendulum experiment if in doubt), the oval shadow that appears during each lunar eclipse indicates not only that the Earth is round, but also not flat.

Ships and horizon

If you've been in port recently, or just strolled along the beach, looking at the horizon, you may have noticed a very interesting phenomenon: approaching ships don't just "emerge" from the horizon (as they would if the world were flat), but rather emerge from the sea. The reason that ships literally “come out of the waves” is because our world is not flat, but round.

Imagine an ant walking along the surface of an orange. If you look at an orange from a close distance, with your nose to the fruit, you will see how the ant's body slowly rises above the horizon due to the curvature of the orange's surface. If you do this experiment with a long road, the effect will be different: the ant will slowly “materialize” into your field of view, depending on how sharp your vision is.

Change of constellations

This observation was first made by Aristotle, who declared the Earth to be round by observing the change of constellations when crossing the equator.

Returning from a trip to Egypt, Aristotle noted that “stars are observed in Egypt and Cyprus that were not seen in the northern regions.” This phenomenon can only be explained by the fact that people look at the stars from a round surface. Aristotle continued and stated that the sphere of the Earth “is of small size, for otherwise the effect of such a slight change of terrain would not have manifested itself so quickly.”

Shadows and sticks

If you stick a stick into the ground, it will provide shade. The shadow moves as time passes (based on this principle, ancient people invented sundials). If the world were flat, two sticks in different places would produce the same shadow.

But this doesn't happen. Because the Earth is round, not flat.

Eratosthenes (276–194 BC) used this principle to calculate the circumference of the Earth with good accuracy.

The higher you go, the farther you can see

Standing on a flat plateau, you look towards the horizon away from you. You strain your eyes, then take out your favorite binoculars and look through them as far as your eyes can see (using binocular lenses).

Then you climb the nearest tree - the higher the better, the main thing is not to drop your binoculars. And again look, straining your eyes, through binoculars to the horizon.

The higher you climb, the further you will see. Usually we tend to associate this with obstacles on Earth, when the forest is not visible for the trees, and freedom is not visible for the concrete jungle. But if you stand on a perfectly clear plateau, with no obstacles between you and the horizon, you will see much more from above than from the ground.

It's all about the curvature of the Earth, of course, and this wouldn't happen if the Earth were flat.

Flying an airplane

If you've ever flown out of the country, especially somewhere far away, you might have noticed two interesting facts about airplanes and the Earth:

Planes can fly in a relatively straight line for a very long time without falling off the edge of the world. They can also fly around the Earth without stopping.

If you look out the window on a transatlantic flight, most of the time you will see the curvature of the earth on the horizon. The best kind of curvature was on the Concorde, but that plane is long gone. From Virgin Galactic's new plane, the horizon should be completely curved.

Look at other planets!

The Earth is different from others, and that is undeniable. After all, we have life, and we have not yet found planets with life. However, all planets have similar characteristics, and it would be logical to assume that if all planets behave in a certain way or exhibit specific properties - especially if the planets are separated by distance or formed under different circumstances - then our planet is similar.

In other words, if there are so many planets that formed in different places and under different conditions, but have similar properties, most likely our planet will be one. From our observations, it became clear that the planets are round (and since we knew how they formed, we know why they are shaped that way). There's no reason to think our planet won't be the same.

In 1610, Galileo Galilei observed the rotation of the moons of Jupiter. He described them as small planets orbiting a large planet - a description (and observation) that the church did not like because it challenged the geocentric model in which everything revolved around the Earth. This observation also showed that the planets (Jupiter, Neptune, and later Venus) are spherical and revolve around the Sun.

A flat planet (ours or any other) would be so incredible to observe that it would overturn almost everything we know about the formation and behavior of planets. This will not only change everything we know about the formation of planets, but also about the formation of stars (since our Sun must behave differently to accommodate the flat Earth theory), the speed and movement of cosmic bodies. In short, we don't just suspect that our Earth is round - we know it.

The existence of time zones

In Beijing it is now 12 am, midnight, no sun. It's 12 noon in New York. The sun is at its zenith, although it is difficult to see under the clouds. It's one thirty in the morning in Adelaide, Australia. The sun will not rise very soon.

This could only be explained by the fact that the Earth is round and rotates around its own axis. At a certain point, when the sun is shining on one part of the Earth, it is dark on the other end, and vice versa. This is where time zones come into play.

Another point. If the sun were a "spotlight" (its light shining directly on a specific area) and the world was flat, we would see the sun even if it wasn't shining above us. In much the same way, you can see the light of a spotlight on a theater stage while remaining in the shadows. The only way to create two completely separate time zones, one of which will always be in the dark and the other in the light, is to have a spherical world.

Center of gravity

Eat interesting fact about our mass: it attracts things. The force of attraction (gravity) between two objects depends on their mass and the distance between them. Simply put, gravity will pull toward the center of mass of objects. To find the center of mass, you need to study the object.

Imagine a sphere. Because of the shape of the sphere, no matter where you stand, there will be the same amount of sphere underneath you. (Imagine an ant walking on a glass ball. From the ant's point of view, the only sign of movement will be the movement of the ant's legs. The shape of the surface will not change at all). The center of mass of a sphere is at the center of the sphere, meaning gravity pulls everything on the surface towards the center of the sphere (straight down), regardless of the object's location.

Let's consider a plane. The center of mass of the plane is at the center, so the force of gravity will pull everything on the surface towards the center of the plane. This means that if you are on the edge of the plane, gravity will pull you towards the center, and not down, as we are used to.

And even in Australia, apples fall from top to bottom, not from side to side.

Photos from space

Over the past 60 years of space exploration, we have launched many satellites, probes, and people into space. Some of them returned, some continue to remain in orbit and transmit beautiful images to Earth. And in all the photographs the Earth (attention) is round.

If your child asks how we know the Earth is round, take the trouble to explain.

The debate about who said that the Earth is round continues today. There are still individuals who are trying to prove that the Earth is flat, even ignoring images of the globe in photographs from space. So, the round shape of the Earth has been known since ancient times.

Who was the first to say that the Earth is round?

Once upon a time, many thousands of years ago, people believed that the Earth was flat. In myths different nations, in the works of ancient scientists it was argued that the Earth rests on three whales, on elephants and even on a huge turtle. Let's try to figure out who said that the Earth is round.

The ancient Greek scientist Parmenides, who lived approximately 540-480. BC e., in his philosophical poem “On Nature” he wrote that the Earth is round. This was a revolutionary conclusion about the shape of the planet, but it cannot be unequivocally assumed that Parmenides was the first to express this idea. The scientist wrote about the round shape of the Earth in the section “Opinions of Mortals,” where he described the thoughts and ideas of his contemporaries, but not his conclusions. A contemporary of Parmenides was Pythagoras of Samos.

Pythagoras, together with his students, studied the theory of universal and cosmic harmony. It was in the records of adherents of the Pythagorean school that many thoughts were found that the flat Earth could not be in harmony with the celestial sphere. To the question: “Who said that the Earth is round?” Pythagoras himself most likely answered, formulating the idea of ​​the earthly sphere as the most suitable, according to the theories of geometry and mathematics.

Scientists who declared the shape of the Earth

Which scientist said that the Earth is round? In addition to Parmenides and Pythagoras, there were other ancient thinkers who studied the Earth and space. Today, any schoolchild knows the principle of the “sundial”, when during the day sticks on the sand cast shadows of different lengths and at different angles. If the earth were flat, either the length of the shadows or the angle between the object and the shadow would not change. However, in ancient times, only serious scientists paid attention to such details of existence.

Thus, the philosopher from Alexandria Eratosthenes of Cyrene, who lived in the 3rd-2nd centuries. BC e., made calculations on the day of the summer solstice, using the difference between the shadows of objects, the zenith and the angle between them. He even managed to calculate the approximate size of our planet and is considered the first researcher to describe the concepts of modern longitude and latitude, since in his calculations he used data from different geographical places of Alexandria and Siena.

Later, the Greek Stoic philosopher Posidonius in 135-51. BC e. also calculated the dimensions of the globe, but they turned out smaller for him than for Eratosthenes. So today it is quite difficult to unequivocally answer the question of who was the first to say that the Earth is round.

Aristotle on the Earth

The Greek scientist, thinker, philosopher Aristotle said that the Earth is round back in the 4th century BC. e. He not only put forward hypotheses and made rough calculations, but also collected evidence that the Earth is spherical.

Firstly, the scientist notices that if you look from the shore at a ship that is approaching the observer, then first the mast becomes visible from the horizon, then the hull of the ship itself. Such evidence convinced very few.

Secondly, its more significant proof is based on observations of lunar eclipses. As a result, Aristotle concluded that the Earth has the shape of a sphere, because the shadow of the Earth on the surface of the Moon did not change during eclipses, that is, it was always round, which only a ball gives.

Thirdly, during his trip to Egypt, Aristotle, observing the sky, described in detail the changes in constellations and stars in the Southern and Northern Hemispheres. He wrote: “... stars are observed in Egypt and Cyprus that were not seen in the northern regions.” Such changes can only be seen from a round surface. Moreover, the scientist concluded that the Earth’s sphere is small in size, since changes in the stars and terrain can only be determined from a fairly limited surface.

First star map

And who was the first to say that the Earth is round, in the East? An unusual story is the caliph Al-Mamun, who lived in the 7th century, to whom Aristotle and his students once appeared in a dream. The scientist showed Mamun the “image of the Earth.” Based on the images he saw, Mamun reproduced the “star map,” which was the first map of the Earth and planets in the Islamic world.

Mamun ordered the court astronomers to measure the size of the Earth, and the circumference of the planet they obtained, equal to 18,000 miles, turned out to be quite accurate: the length of the Earth's equator calculated to date is about 25,000 miles.

World sphere

Thus, by the 13th century the idea of ​​the round shape of the Earth was already firmly established in science. The famous English mathematician, founder of the decimal number system, John de Sacrobosco, or John of Halifax, as he is called in England, published his famous treatise “On the World Sphere.” In this work, Sacrobosco summarized the conclusions of Eastern astronomers and the ideas of Ptolemy's Almagest. Since 1240, the "World Sphere" has become the main teaching aid on astronomy at Oxford, the Sorbonne and other prestigious universities around the world and has gone through about 60 editions over 400 years.

Christopher Columbus picked up the baton of the idea of ​​a world sphere when he began his famous voyage to India in 1492, sailing from Spain to the west. He was sure that he would reach the continent, because the Earth has a spherical shape, and it doesn’t really matter which way to swim: anyway, the movement will be closed in a circle. So it is no coincidence that Columbus was the first to prove that the Earth is round, as they say in many modern textbooks. He was an educated, enterprising, but not very successful navigator, since all the glory of the discoverer went to his colleague Amerigo Vespucci.

Biblical Descriptions of the Earth

In the Bible, information about the system of celestial bodies and the shape of the Earth actually looks somewhat contradictory. Thus, in some Old Testament books the flat shape of the earth and the geocentric model of the world are quite clearly described:

(Psalm 103:5) “Thou hast set the earth on firm foundations: it shall not be shaken for ever and ever”;

Book of Ecclesiastes (Ecc. 1:5) “The sun rises, and the sun sets, and hastens to its place where it rises”;

Book of Joshua (Joshua 10:12) “...stand, O sun, over Gibeon, and the moon, over the valley of Aijalon!”

But still she spins!

The Bible also says that the Earth is round, and some interpretations of Holy Scripture confirm the heliocentric structure of the world:

Book of the prophet Isaiah, 40:22: “He is the One who sits above the globe of the Earth...”;

Book of Job (Job 26:7): “He (God) stretched out the north over the void, hung the Earth on nothing”;

(Job 26:10): “He drew a line over the surface of the water, to the borders of light and darkness.”

The benefits and harms of the Inquisition

Such ambiguity in the biblical images of the Earth, the Sun and other celestial bodies can really be explained by the fact that Holy Scripture was not intended to reveal the physical structure of the Universe, but was intended to serve only the salvation of the human soul. However, in the Middle Ages, the church, being the forefront of science, was forced to search for the truth. And she had to either compromise with the theories of various scientists or prohibit them from scientific activity, since it was not possible to combine the conclusions they received with some biblical interpretations, as well as with the dominant theory of Aristotle - Ptolemy at that time.

Thus, Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) was recognized as a heretic for his active propaganda of the heliocentric system of the world, substantiated at the beginning of the 16th century by Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543). The most scandalous and sad act of the Inquisition - the burning at the stake of Giordano Bruno in 1600 - is known to any schoolchild. True, in fact, the verdict of the Inquisition in the case of the monk Bruno Nolanz had nothing to do with his reasoning about the heliocentric system of celestial bodies; he was accused of denying basic Christian dogmas. However, the persistence of this myth speaks of the deep importance of the works of astronomers for modern science and religion.

Does the Koran say that the Earth is round?

Since the Prophet Muhammad was one of the later founders of the monotheistic religion, the Koran absorbed the most advanced ideas of science and religion, based on the colossal treasures of knowledge of the learned men of the East. This holy book also contains evidence for the round shape of the Earth.

"He covers the day with night, which quickly follows."

"He entwines the night in the day and entwines the day in the night."

Such continuous cyclicity and uniform overlap of day and night clearly indicates the sphericity of the Earth. And the verb “wraps around” is absolutely unambiguously used, emphasizing the circular motion of the luminary around the globe of the Earth.

"No and no! I swear by the Lord of the East and West! Verily, We are able."

Obviously, on a flat Earth there can only be one west and one east, and only on a round Earth there can be many of them. The position of the west and east changes relative to the horizon due to the rotation of the Earth.

“A sign for them is the dead land, which We revived and brought from it grain on which they eat” (36:33)

And another quote from the Koran:

“The sun floats to its abode. This is the decree of the Mighty, the Knowing. We have predetermined positions for the moon until it again becomes like an old palm branch. The sun does not have to catch up with the moon, and the night does not run ahead of the day. Everyone floats in orbit” (36:38-40).

Also in the Holy Book of Muslims there is a unique verse with the words “After that He spread out the earth” (79:30), where a special Arabic verb “da-ha” was used, which has two meanings: “to spread” and “to round.” This very figuratively emphasizes that from the top the earth seems to be spread out, while it has a rounded shape.

To new discoveries

Our planet with all the legends, myths, tales, theories and evidence about it is still of scientific, social and religious interest today. No one can claim that the planet has been fully studied; it conceals a great many mysteries, and future generations will have to make many of the most incredible discoveries.

We live in a world consisting of information fields, this is obvious and understandable to anyone who has ever thought about the real secrets of the universe. And, based on the latest scientific data, we can safely say that those facts that were previously considered prejudice have a real basis. One of these facts is that photography steals the soul. Of course, not all of it, but it leaves traces that are easily diagnosed with scientific instruments.

Yes? Why is this discovery not widely known?

Here we turn to the problem for which the movement for sovereign science was created, the problem that official science has been hiding real knowledge for many centuries. Scientists have long turned into a sect that functions only to create a smoke screen that allows them to manipulate people.
One of the most mysterious videos about Flat Earth:

What does this mean?
Look, what is the essence of so-called scientific knowledge? It is to imagine a person as a conditional, soulless grain of sand in the infinity of endless space, to literally hammer into his head the idea that he is a useless loner, standing in the face of emptiness. Endless proof of this is the essence of modern so-called science, which came to us from the West. Behind this veil, true knowledge is lost, and this loss is intentional.

What is it, true knowledge, and where to look for it?

I’ll answer the second part of the question first: you need to look in Russia. And to answer the first part, it is necessary to delve into history and understand when the phenomenon that today is commonly called official science began to develop in our country.

From Peter the Great, or more precisely from that agent of the West who pretended to be him. Today, all historians who have not fully joined the sect of scientists know that during Peter’s trip to Germany, a true autocrat with a great spirit, the Masons replaced their protege with a completely different person who returned to Russia. And it was this man who began to implant the so-called sciences in Russia, trying to completely knock out of people the real knowledge that still remained at that time. The process of transforming highly spiritual Personalities into rootless individualists-cosmopolitans has begun. And the tool for this transformation is science. Full, by the way, of the most obvious contradictions.

Which ones?

Wait. First you need to decide where exactly the true knowledge remains. It was at that time that the division of true science took place into the profane part, which we call science today, and real knowledge, which became the lot of the chosen ones in Europe, such chosen ones were the Freemasons, and in Rus' distant monasteries. By the way, it was for this reason that they were persecuted. Any true knowledge is based on spirituality and holy books, and pseudo-knowledge, that is, science, is based on cheap fabrications. The insidiousness of the West is that with the help of science they managed to deceive the whole world and hide true knowledge behind a special veil of science.

Here are several relationships between true knowledge and false sciences, which, by the way, were actively studied by real researchers in the last century. For example, Rene Guenon. The relationships are as follows: true astrology is false astronomy, true numerology is false mathematics, true alchemy is false chemistry, and so on.
By selecting absolutely profane parts from real knowledge, the Masons managed to create a powerful system for protecting true knowledge, which became the lot of the chosen few and an instrument for the enslavement of the world. The sect of so-called scientists are those biorobots that are used to create this very veil over true knowledge.

Still, let’s return to the contradictions that you promised to talk about.

No problem. Let's at least look at the theory that says that the Earth is a ball that revolves around the Sun. Even here, obvious contradictions are not noticed!

A recent sociological survey showed that almost 40% of the Russian population is confident in the correct biblical version of the Sun revolving around the Earth.

Doesn't the Earth revolve around the Sun?

Thank God no! And now, when Russia is experiencing a spiritual revival, even official scientists and simple people! For example, a recent sociological survey showed that almost 40% of the Russian population is confident in the correct biblical version of the Sun revolving around the Earth. There is a positive trend every year, the percentage of those who have learned the truth is increasing!

The whole truth on VIDEO:

Maybe people just forgot their school course?

But everyone remembers arithmetic and supposedly basic physics! And this is enough to know the truth!

Imagine the situation: a plane flies from Europe to Japan 11 thousand kilometers, and arrives at its destination 10 hours later. As we all remember from school, the length of the Earth’s equator is 40 thousand kilometers. If the Earth rotated around its own axis per day, as official science says, then in an hour it would rotate 1,666 kilometers. It is so? Now think for yourself at what speed a plane must fly 10 thousand kilometers in order to fly this distance in 10 hours against the movement of the supposedly round and supposedly rotating Earth! More than 2700 kilometers per hour! At the usual speed of 1000 kilometers per hour, the plane would have flown completely into reverse side and would never fly anywhere! The same goes for the return flight: for him, the plane didn’t have to fly anywhere at all, just take off and wait, divide 10 thousand by one thousand six hundred and 6 hours!

What about pictures of the Earth from space?

From what space, my dear? Where is the evidence that space even exists? Everyone knows that no one has ever been in space!

What about Gagarin and the Americans on the Moon?

Gagarin was supposedly in orbit, not in space, and the Americans, as everyone knows, filmed their entire moon in the Nevada desert. This is all the same continuation of the conspiracy of the damned sorcerers-scientists! As a result, we are forced to admit that even official physics and mathematics, with common sense, clearly show that the Earth simply cannot be round! Here is one of the brightest contradictions!

That is, you claim that mathematics and physics cannot even explain the fact that the Earth is round?

This is pseudoscience! What can pseudoscience prove anyway?

The banal Pythagorean theorem immediately comes to mind.

Do you know why Pythagoras was killed?

For his true knowledge! All over the world, he collected mysteries that remained from the previous great spiritual civilization of Hyperborea, which was destroyed by the Great Flood, but traces of the ancestral home of which still remain everywhere on the territory of Russia! Fortunately, Atlantis was still alive then, and present-day Antarctica was a flourishing land. From there Pythagoras brought real knowledge. And, by the way, he did not age and was a Rus, that is, Russian. But his students, persuaded by the Freemasons, killed him. As a result, everyone now remembers Pythagoras only by the profane interpretation of his deep knowledge, which is now called the theorem named after him!

But the theorem works and has been proven many times

In my youth, I repeated the discovery of Pythagoras, independently proving a similar theorem, but it does not work! And the Russian proved it. His name, if you don’t remember, was Lobachevsky!

If so, then it turns out that mathematics and physics are not needed at all?

Exactly! It is not appropriate for true seekers of knowledge to fill one's head with Masonic teachings! Our task now is to restore, bit by bit, that spiritual knowledge that should become the basis of real science. They still remain in distant monasteries, at base 211, which, by the way, the Masons are still trying to find, in the greatest spirituality of our people. It is not too late to create true science, and on its basis a new highly spiritual civilization.
To do this, we must now uproot all pseudo-science and, throwing back the veil, plunge into the palaces of real knowledge, proving that we are not empty grains of sand in an endless void, but great Warriors of the Spirit! This is the main content of sovereign science, for the possibility of whose development we are fighting with the world behind the scenes.

If we leave the process of struggle alone for a while, then where should we start?

True scientists who strive for knowledge are now under enormous pressure. It is necessary to remove this pressure, which is created by scientists. Then all true forces must unite and develop a general theory that would explain all the secrets of the universe.

Is this possible?

Certainly! Moreover, it already exists! And it's called spirituality! The problem is that pseudoscience is built on the fact that it constantly replaces cause with effect. It is now necessary to break this vicious circle. The time has come to understand that it is not knowledge that leads to discovery, but revelation must be explained by knowledge. Only this way can be effective.

Do I understand correctly, but you are talking about the same thing that we often write about the role of science as a means of justification. True, we are talking about the rationale for the actions of the authorities.

Yes! And that includes the authorities, because this is a supra-mundane entity. And the actions of any supramundane entity require justification by knowledge. This is the task of true sovereign science.

And how is the implementation of such extravagant ideas going?

The ideas are correct, and not at all extra, why use such words at all, aren’t there enough Russian words?

Okay, independent ones.

It is progressing well, and there is support, albeit unspoken, at the very top. Recently, for example, the director of the Kurchatov Institute said that Russia needs integrated science that will find simple explanations for everything.

Is there any merit in this statement?

Thoughts are material, the information field permeates everything that exists. Therefore, of course, I consider such a breakthrough to be my merit: by pumping up the egregor of true knowledge, we influence the essence of things and other people. For now, this is where the movement sees its main task.

The same thing as everywhere to fight the obscurantism of official science and spread true knowledge.

How much consumer knowledge does this have?

Now, praise the universe, it is getting bigger and bigger. Just look at TV, there are more and more truly scientific programs. This means that the people are beginning to awaken from spiritual slumber and are beginning to understand the world differently than the official learned proteges of the West want to see. This means we will win!

For some reason, modern passenger planes do not fly in a straight line, but make huge circles. This is especially noticeable in the Southern Hemisphere: for example, planes flying from Australia to Chile never fly through the South Pole, although this is the shortest route. Or planes flying from Perth, Australia to Johannesburg (South Africa) for some reason fly through Dubai, although there is no need for them to make such a strange zigzag. Why do airlines spend millions of dollars on gasoline and travel costs when all routes can be built much more economically?

There is only one answer: in reality, planes fly in the most straight line - it’s just that the Earth is not really round, but flat, and the maps and globes that we are accustomed to are compiled by liars in order to deceive people. “I’ve also been wondering about flights for a long time. No matter who I asked, no one could answer. Well, in general, watch this wonderful video, there is a lot of interesting things there, and everything is clear,” Vetlitskaya wrote (the author’s spelling has been preserved). The conspiracy, in which politicians, scientists, and education system officials participate, has been going on for more than a century, although it costs nothing to discover the truth. The next time you fly on an airplane, don’t be lazy and study the horizon line through the window. You will see that it is absolutely flat, without any difficulty, exactly like on the ground. But with the help of a good telescope, the “curvature” could be seen even while on the surface of the Earth: for every 100 km of the earth’s surface there should be 196 meters of curvature, say the authors of another video on the same topic.

Are we being lied to? According to the singer, performer of the songs “Look into your eyes” and “Playboy next to me,” she had long suspected a conspiracy, and a video recorded by an unknown YouTube user finally allowed her to dot all the i’s. “And yes, skeptics and fans of officially approved concepts are not recommended to watch this video for the sake of preserving their fragile nervous system", warns the singer.

Formal lie

Nothing is new on our Earth, and this is true regardless of its form. The ancients had no doubt that our planet was a disk, but they “scientifically substantiated” this theory in the 19th century. In 1956, the Flat Earth Society arose in the United States. Despite the fact that the society flourished in the 1980s, when its ranks included 3 thousand people, it still exists today.

According to the basic principles that society believes in, cosmology looks like this: The Earth is a flat disk with a diameter of 40,000 km. Why exactly 40,000? Because this is the length of any two meridians in geography textbooks. In fact, there are no meridians, since meridians are lines on the surface of the spherical Earth, and the Earth, as we already know, is a flat disk. Therefore, meridians are not lines from pole to pole, but simply radii of the Earth. And two radii, as we know from textbooks on another subject that is more applicable to our planet - geometry, are diameters. In the center of the flat circle is the North Pole. Where is Yuzhny? But there is no South, instead there is a disk boundary. What we used to think of as Antarctica is a long wall of ice encircling the entire Earth. How can this “not be”? Well, have any of you been to the South Pole and seen it with your own eyes? I personally don’t. And those travelers who visited there did not see anything special. Who said this is a pole? They were simply deceived by those involved in the conspiracy.

Wait, the reader will object, but if there is simply no Southern Hemisphere, but there is an outer side of the disk, then any travel along it should be slower than along the inner side. It turns out that the distance, say, from Europe to North America is not so great, but the distance from South America to Africa should be colossal! And any distances in the “Southern Hemisphere”, say, between Sydney and Melbourne, must be much greater than it appears on the map. regular map. And so it is, say members of society: a kilometer in the “Southern Hemisphere” is much longer than a kilometer in the “Northern”, but politicians hide this from us, and ordinary car owners cannot notice this due to the relatively low speeds of their cars. The truth is obvious only to airline pilots and captains of long-distance ships, but they are all also involved in the conspiracy...

Where does gravity come from? - the reader will resort to a proven argument. It's simple: the Earth constantly soars upward with an acceleration of 9.8 m/s², and this is what creates constant “gravity”. The Moon and the Sun, of course, rotate above the surface of the Earth, and the starry vault itself circles above our planet. What about photographs of the Earth from space? And these are fakes. What about flights to other planets? But no one has flown anywhere, and no one will fly, because there is nowhere to fly. Above our planet there is a flat dome in which waters condense, rain pours from there, and excess water flows over the edges into the world ether. But if you check, get on a plane and fly to the Pole? But you won’t get anywhere: the plane will fall out into the air and be lost forever. Have you heard about the mysterious disappearance of Malaysian Airlines flight MH370? That's it: the pilot brought the plane in the wrong direction.

"Everything is sawn"

These scientists are an ungrateful people: instead of rejoicing that the authors of the YouTube videos have finally painted a consistent picture of the universe, they find fault with little things. For example, they ask how a disk-shaped planetary body could appear in the Universe? The laws of gravity are such that any large planet, no matter what shape it initially had, sooner or later under the influence of its own mass will turn into an ellipsoid close to a ball. Only small bodies like the satellites of Mars - Phobos and Deimos - can “afford” the shape of irregular cobblestones: for a planet like ours, there is no material in nature from which a stable disk could be made; in any case, it will wrinkle and begin to resemble on the ball.

Or they refer to the incomparability of measurements, reminding that modern passenger planes fly at an altitude of 9–10 km: in comparison with the diameter of the Earth of 40 thousand km, this is like the height of a fly in comparison with the height of the house on which it perches. Will the fly see the true shape of the house, being so small? Most likely, she will believe that the whole house is flat, like its roof. Isn’t it stupid that a height of 10 km is funny to them? If they had fallen from such a height, they probably wouldn’t have laughed.

They are trying to refute it ridiculously by referring to a school experience with recording the movement of the starry sky on a stationary photographic plate with a long exposure. It clearly shows that the entire starry sky is moving around the North Star. But if the same record is recorded in the Southern Hemisphere, there will be no North Star there, and the sky will revolve around a conventional point not far from a tiny star - Sigma Octantus. As if someone has the opportunity to fly to the ice wall surrounding our disk, and with the danger of falling over the edge, the ether will install a camera there with numb fingers!

They remind you that in order to make sure that a kilometer across the entire Earth has a total length, they advise Muscovites to fly to Milan with a meter ruler and compare it with the rulers there - the difference in length should be noticeable even between such geographical points. For them, 10 km is not a distance, but here some millimeters must not converge. They are outright lying when they say that planes avoid direct flights because, for the sake of safe navigation, they try to fly over land and not over sea.

Meanwhile, genuine science does not stand still: in her next post, Vetlitskaya revealed the ins and outs of the web of lies in which the world government keeps us. “On this space called Earth, everything has long been cut down and all the rules have been established” by a small group of creatures, “and everyone else is supposed to shut up and just follow the given commands, in general, a strict police regime.” And even later, a new revelation followed from Vetlitskaya, this time about the number of dimensions in our Universe. “Nothing will work out in the 3-dimensional world, don’t even hope,” the singer said in her next status. “Either you rise to a higher level of consciousness, or... Choose for yourself.” Indeed, choose for yourself which level of consciousness to rise to. I personally go out on the first one, where Copernicus and Galileo are.

During Columbus's lifetime, people believed that the Earth was flat. They believed that in the Atlantic Ocean there lived monsters of enormous size that could swallow their ships, and that there were terrible waterfalls on which their ships would perish. Columbus had to fight these strange ideas to convince people to sail with him. He was sure that the Earth was round.
- Emma Miler Bolenius, American textbook author, 1919

One of the longest-lived myths that children grow up believing [ the author is an American - trans.], is that Columbus was the only person of his time who believed that the Earth was round. The rest believed that it was flat. “How brave the sailors of 1492 must have been,” you think, “to go to the edge of the world and not be afraid to fall off it!”

Indeed, there are many ancient references to a disk-shaped Earth. And if, of all the celestial bodies, only the Sun and the Moon were known to you, you could independently come to the same conclusion.

If you go outside at sunset, a day or two after the new moon, you will see something like the following.

A thin crescent of the Moon, the illuminated part of which coincides with the part of the sphere that could be illuminated by the Sun.

If you had a scientific mind and curiosity, you could go outside in the following days and observe what happens next.

Not only does the Moon change position by about 12 degrees each night, moving further from the Sun, but it is also becoming increasingly illuminated! You might (correctly) conclude that the Moon revolves around the Earth, and that the changing phases are due to the light of the Sun illuminating different parts of the round Moon.

Ancient and modern views on the phases of the moon coincide in this.

But about twice a year, something happens during the full moon that allows us to determine the shape of the Earth: a lunar eclipse! During a full moon, the Earth passes between the Sun and the Moon, and the Earth's shadow becomes visible on the surface of the Moon.

And if you look at this shadow, it becomes clear that it is curved and has the shape of a disk!

True, it cannot be deduced from this whether the Earth is a flat disk or a round sphere. One can only see that the Earth's shadow is round.

But, despite the popular myth, the question of the shape of the Earth was decided not in the 15th or 16th centuries (when Magellan circumnavigated the world), but about 2000 years ago, in the ancient world. And what’s most amazing is that all it took was the Sun.

If you track the Sun's path across the daytime sky while living in the northern hemisphere, you will notice that it rises in the eastern sky, peaks in the south, and then declines and sets in the west. And so on any day of the year.

But the paths are a little different throughout the year. The sun rises much higher and shines for more hours in the summer, while in winter it rises lower and shines less. To illustrate, note the photo of the solar path taken during the winter solstice in Alaska.

If you plot the path of the Sun across the daytime sky, you will find that the lowest path, and shortest in time, occurs at the winter solstice - usually December 21st - and the highest path (and longest) occurs during the summer solstice, usually 21st June.

If you made a camera that could photograph the Sun's path across the sky throughout the year, you would end up with a series of arcs, the tallest and longest of which was made on the summer solstice, and the lowest and shortest on the winter solstice.

In the ancient world, the greatest scholars of Egypt, Greece and the entire Mediterranean worked in the Library of Alexandria. One of them was the ancient Greek astronomer Eratosthenes.

While living in Alexandria, Eratosthenes received amazing letters from the city of Siena in Egypt. It said, in particular, that on the day of the summer solstice:

The shadow of a person looking into a deep well will block the reflection of the Sun at noon.

In other words, the Sun will be directly overhead, without deviating a single degree to the south, north, east or west. And if you had a completely vertical object, it wouldn't cast a shadow.

But Eratosthenes knew that this was not the case in Alexandria. The sun comes closer to its highest point at noon during the summer solstice in Alexandria than on other days, but vertical objects there also cast shadows.

And like any good scientist, Eratosthenes set up an experiment. By measuring the length of the shadow cast by a vertical stick on the summer solstice, he was able to measure the angle between the Sun and the vertical direction at Alexandria.

He got one fiftieth of a circle, or 7.2 degrees. But at the same time, in Siena the angle between the Sun and the vertical stick was zero degrees! Why could this happen? Perhaps, thanks to a brilliant insight, Eratosthenes realized that the Sun's rays could be parallel, but the Earth could be curved!

If he could then find out the distance from Alexandria to Siena, knowing the difference in angles, he could calculate the circumference of the Earth! If Eratosthenes had been a graduate student's supervisor, he would have sent him on his way to measure distances!

But instead he had to rely on the then known distance between the two cities. And the most accurate measurement method back then was...

Traveling on a camel. One can understand the criticism of such precision. And yet, he considered the distance between Siena and Alexandria to be 5000 stadia. The only question is the length of the stage. The answer depends on whether Eratosthenes, a Greek who lived in Egypt, used Attic or Egyptian stages, which historians still debate. The Attic stage was used more often and is 185 meters long. Using this value, the circumference of the Earth can be obtained as 46,620 km, which is 16% larger than the actual value.

But the Egyptian stade is only 157.5 meters, and perhaps this is what Eratosthenes had in mind. In this case, the result will be 39,375, which differs from the modern value of 40,041 km by only 2%!

Regardless of the numbers, Eratosthenes became the world's first geographer, invented the concepts of latitude and longitude that are still used today, and built the first models and maps based on a spherical Earth.

And although much has been lost over the millennia that have passed since then, the idea of ​​a spherical Earth and knowledge of its approximate circumference have not disappeared. Today, anyone can repeat the same experiment with two places at the same longitude and, by measuring the lengths of the shadows, get the circumference of the Earth! Not bad, considering that the first direct photographic evidence of the curvature of the Earth would not be obtained until 1946!

Knowing the shape and size of the Earth since 240 BC, we have been able to figure out many wonderful things, including the size and distance of the Moon! Therefore, let us pay tribute to Eratosthenes for the discovery that the Earth is round and for the first accurate calculation of its size!

If there's one thing Columbus should be remembered for regarding the size and shape of the Earth, it's that he used values ​​for its circumference that were too small! His estimates of the distances by which he convinced that a ship could sail from Europe directly to India (if there were no Americas) were incredibly small! And if America had not existed, he and his team would have died of hunger before reaching Asia!